Disabilities Essay Download Pdf - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 965 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Education Essay Type Review Tags: Disability Essay Did you like this example? Education: Issues and Inequalities A large number of children are being deprived of their right to study. Education is important to be able to build a better nation. However there are some cases wherein children are being banned from going to school because of their disability. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Disabilities Essay Download Pdf" essay for you Create order Issues are arising and they need to be answered. Inequalities, especially in education, are not acceptable. This paper is about the strengths and weaknesses of inclusion and integration policies and support for children with special educational needs. To fully understand the subject it is best to define the issues and concepts involved. A review on research and studies done on education for special children will be presented. In the article written by Anastasia Vlachou (2008) she shows awareness on teachers to change their view regarding inclusion. Integration has been reported that requires change, creates discomfort and involves a considerable challenge to those whose careers, work and social relationships reinforce a segregated system. According to Vlachou (2008), it would be naÃÆ' ¯ve to believe that integration policy will happen as part of a natural evolution in attitudes towards students with special needs. Vlachou (2008) article will be discussed in the literat ure review together with the study done by several researchers. At the end of the paper the personal view of the writer regarding the subject will be presented. The inequalities and issues will be summarized to support the writers claim in the conclusion. Definition of Terms To fully understand what the topic is, it is best to define the important terms used in the paper. Inclusion as defined in the Webster dictionary à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" to put in or consider as part of a group or category. McBrien and Brandt of Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development define inclusion as based on the situation of the disabled child in school. The practice of educating children in one classroom, including children with physical, mental, and developmental disabilities is important. Inclusion classes often require a special assistant to the classroom teacher. The 1975 Education for All Handicapped Children Act (P.L. 94-142) made inclusion a controversial topic by requiring a free and appropriate education with related services for each child in the least restrictive environment possible, and an Individualized Education Program (IEP) for each qualifying child. In 1991, the bill was renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and the revision broadened the definition of disabilities and added related services. (Hummel,2008). Another definition of inclusion is defined in the website of teachernet.com. One of the greatest challenges facing schools is the provision of appropriate learning opportunities for all pupils (www.teachernet.com). Within schools there are pupils with a range of abilities from different cultures, religions and social backgrounds. Some of these pupils experience barriers to learning as a result of their disability, heritage, gender, special educational need, ethnicity, social group, sexual orientation, race or culture. Research has proved that children from lower socio-economic backgrounds and/or specific ethnic and social groups are more likely to underachieve at school. This may lead to disaffection, low self-esteem, and marginalisation by others and, in some cases, formal exclusion from school. (www.teachernet.com). Some schools are more successful than others in meeting th e needs of pupils from diverse backgrounds. Mason, H. (2003) of Birminghan, UK presented process of inclusion in education: Increasing the participation of students with disabilities in, and reducing their exclusion from, curricula and communities of local schools; Restructuring the cultures, policies and practices in schools so that they respond to the diversity of students needs; Accepting diversity as normal and as a rich source for all students; Responding to the diverse needs of all students; Accommodating both different styles and rates of learning; Ensuring the quality of education to all students through appropriate curricula, support and teaching strategies; Accepting that inclusion in education is one aspect of inclusion in society. Another important term to define is the word integration. Integration traditionally refers to the education of children with special needs in mainstream settings. (Mason,H. 2003). Organ (1993) defines the term integration that pertains to a social domain; it does and should refer to individuals of different background who opt to interact. Review of Literature The review contains the study done by researchers on inclusion and integration policies in education of children with special needs. The article written by Schwartz, Odom and Sandall (1999), includes their research and found out that most of successful inclusive programs view inclusion as that starting point for all children. Children with disabilities are not expected to earn their way into early childhood programs by having the necessary entry skills (e.g. toilet training, communicating in sentences). ( Schwartz, Odom and Sandall, 1999), Programs may need to make special accommodations to make the inclusive experience successful. Jimmy lacked many of the skills that were typical of his four-year-old classmates; but the classroom teacher, itinerant teacher, and assistant teacher, with the help of the other classmates, arranged activities in ways that encouraged and even required Jimmy to participate. (Schwartz, Odom and Sandall,1999), This view of inclusion is based on th e belief that inclusion can be appropriate for all children; making it work successfully depends on planning, training, and support The Language of Learning: A Guide to Education Terms, by J. L. McBrien and R. S. Brandt, 1997, Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development https://www.teachernet.gov.uk https://www.icevi-europe.org/tt/ttw3/topic5.html Dr Heather Mason, Birmingham, UK Publication Date: Wednesday Aug 13, 1997 The true definition of integration Henry Organ https://www.paloaltoonline.com/weekly/morgue/spectrum/1997_Aug_13.GUEST130.html Including Young Children with Special Needs by Ilene S. Schwartz, Samuel L. Odom, and Susan R. Sandall https://www.newhorizons.org/spneeds/inclusion/information/schwartz3.htm#author School Site https://www.atocbkk.com/school_site.php https://www.ccboe.net/Teachers/Hummel_Heather/onlineresources.html

Analysis Of The Book Cold Blood - 1418 Words

Perry Smith and Dick Hickock are two remarkably different characters. In the beginning of the novel, they’re known only as the murders of the Clutter family, but Truman Capote tells their life stories in such a way that they become more than that. Even though these two men are basically introduced as murderers, they quickly become relatable and interesting characters. So much is learned about their feelings and lives that one can not help but almost look past their reckless ways. Both of these men have unique character traits that amalgamate in an intriguing way. Throughout In Cold Blood, Capote includes many instances that show how Dick and Perry, when combined, make the perfect murderer. Perry, the more personable of the two killers,†¦show more content†¦To add insult to injury, Perry gets into a motorcycle crash that left him oddly figured and in constant pain. His life, as a whole, was a series of unfortunate events. His screwed-up childhood left him with child-li ke tendencies in his adult life, such as sucking his thumb and wetting the bed. Despite his childish emotions and lack of an education, he believes himself to be an extraordinary man with many hidden talents and immense intelligence. At one point he says to his sister, â€Å"You think I like myself? Oh, the man I could have been! But that bastard never gave me a chance. He wouldn t let me go to school. O.K. O.K. I was a bad kid. But the time came I begged to go to school. I happen to have a brilliant mind. In case you don t know. A brilliant mind and talent plus. But no education, because he didn t want me to learn anything, only how to tote and carry for him. Dumb. Ignorant. That s the way he wanted me to be. But you, Bobo, you went to school. You and Jimmy and Fern. Every damn one of you got an education. Everybody but me. And I hate you, all of you—Dad and everybody† (Capote 185). In contrast to his sensitive and intellectual side, Willie-Jay says that he has one e xtreme flaw: â€Å"explosive emotional reaction out of all proportion to the occasion† (Capote 43). Perry clearly has many unique characteristics. Each one of the small things about him lends a hand in the eventual murder of the Clutters. Dick, the masculine ‘brass boy’, is the opposite

Spatial Imagery in Borges free essay sample

â€Å"Reality is not always probable, or likely† (Borges), this quote from Jorge Luis Borges, a perfect example of what makes Collected Fictions mysterious and entertaining to read. His readings are not superficial, and must be taken by critical thought and completely different modes of thinking. Borges’ stories use many techniques to express his messages. In select fictions, the idea of geometry, which is simple and exact, is used to convey themes of infinity and perceiving reality, which are hardly exact at all. Whether Borges uses hexagons to explain a concept of infinity and God, or rhombi and labyrinths to prove an order to chaos, these fictions let the reader explore his perplexing and ambiguous philosophy through ideas of spatial imagery. The story Death and the Compass deals with spatial imagery in two ways, one being with geometric rhombi, and the other is the reader’s idea of labyrinths. A rhombus is used in this story to specifically draw the main character strait to the criminal. Borges mentions the rhombus for the purpose of simplifying the story into something that makes sense; the crimes of the story fit into a perfect, known shape. â€Å"I knew you would add the missing point, the point that makes a perfect rhombus, the point that fixes the place where a precise death awaits you† (p. 156). The end of the story proves that the simple idea is not that simple at all, it all represents how this logical order of crimes brings the protagonist to a chaotic sense of himself because of the elaborate scheme that brings him to his own demise, which becomes part of the order. The other way Death and the Compass deals with spatial imagery is the way Borges lets the reader picture what a labyrinth should look like. Labyrinths are a recurring theme in a lot of Borges’ works, but in this particular story the villain sets up a labyrinth inside the main character’s head to set him up. â€Å"†The next time I kill you,† Scharlach replied, â€Å"I promise you the labyrinth that consists of a single straight line that is invisible and endless†Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 56). This I see as spatial imagery because the reader has to decide what kind of labyrinth the protagonist is caught in, the picture is unclear. This quote suggests that there are many realities, and Borges may mean that every individual is caught in a labyrinth of perception that they cannot escape from. What one may seem as a truth may not be even close to what is real. Borges does not just use this concept in Death and the Compass, but in many of his works. The Library of Babel is another piece of well-constructed art using visual metaphors bound with ideas of infinity, God, and unachievable realities. To describe the universe, Borges sets a picture of hexagons attached to more hexagons that make up a library and that continue forever. â€Å"I declare that the Library is endless. Idealists argue that the hexagonal rooms are the necessary shape of absolute space, or at least of our perception of space† (p. 112-113). This quote suggests that Borges believes the universe is infinite, but in a very concrete way. He uses a very unique technique in allowing an unimaginable theme of infinity is described in the very real idea or a hexagon, a finite thing. A hexagon is only a hexagon if it follows certain rules, but infinity has no rules. The hexagons are the order of the universe; it is not just open space, which means there must be a builder of the hexagons. So does this mean Borges believes in a creator, or God in his own philosophy? â€Å"Mystics claim that their ecstasies reveal to them a circular chamber containing an enormous circular book with a continuous spine that goes completely around the walls. But their testimony is suspect, their words obscure. That cyclical book is God. † (p. 113) In this quote, Borges reinforces the idea of a creator as God. It seems that this creator is the master book in the giant library of books that holds everything in. The books that are held in the hexagons of life also point to an interesting idea, â€Å"the Library is â€Å"total†-perfect, complete, and whole- and that its bookshelves contain all possible combinations of twenty-two orthographic symbols† (p. 15), Borges mentions these books because although every combination possible is presented, even if unconceivable to human thought, is still only a finite number. This is an absolute contradiction of the idea of infinite hexagons with books in them. Still another problem arisen by this quotation is that there seems to be no evidence of a creator if every single book in the library is of all possibilities, but these messages expressed in these books have to be endless. Man searching for his purpose in the universe, then is meaningless, and this argument is all because of spatial imagery Borges uses with hexagons. Borges is a mastermind at manipulating the reader’s thoughts into traveling in many directions on the roller coaster of imagination. In Death and the Compass the story leads the reader in a logical direction with spatial imagery and explains alternate reality through labyrinths, and hexagons represent the idea of an infinite universe with the ambiguous existence of a creator in Library of Babel. The technique of spatial imagery can be endless and the messages that are found can be argued and lead to more questions than answers, but the next time I write this essay, all the answers will be revealed to you.

Flannery Oconnor And The South Essays - Good Country People

Flannery O'connor And The South A Good Man Is Hard To Find and Good Country People are two short stories written by Flannery OConnor during her short lived writing career. Despite the literary achievements of OConnors works, she is often criticized for the grotesqueness of her characters and endings of her short stories and novels. Her writings have been described as understated, orderly, unexperimental fiction, with a Southern backdrop and a Roman Catholic vision, in defiance, it would seem, of those restless innovators who preceded her and who came into prominence after her death(Friedman 4). A Good Man Is Hard To Find and Good Country People are both set in the South, and OConnor explores the tension between the old and new South. The stories are tow ironically twisted tales of different families whos lives are altered after trusting a stranger, only to be mislead. Each story explores the themes of Christian theology, new verses the old South, and fallen human nature. In A Good Man Is Hard To Find, OConnor introduces the reader to a family representative of the old and new Southern culture. The grandmother represents the old South by the way in which she focuses on her appearnace, manners, and gentile ladylike behavior. OConnor writes her collars and cuffs were organdy trimmed with lace and at her neckline she had pinned a purple spray of cloth violets containing a sachet. In case of an accident, anyone seeing her dead on the highway would know at once that she was a lady(OConnor 118). In this short story, the wild diproportion of the terms, the vapid composure that summons up the ultimate violence only to treat it as a rare social opportuinty, and the cool irony with which OConnor presents the sentence makes it both fearful and ludicrous(Asals 132). The irony that OConnor uses points out the appalling characteristics of the grandmothers self-deception that her clothes make her a lady and turns it into a comic matter. Flannery OConnor goes to grea t length to give the reader insight into the characters by describing their clothes and attitudes. The fact that the grandmother took so much time in preparing herself for the trip exemplifies the old Southern tradition of self-presentation and self-pride. The grandmother takes pride in the way she presents herself because she wants everyone to know that she is a lady. Baileys, the grandsons, family represents that of the new Southern culture that is more open to change, but they are not totally receptive to change. OConnor describes the childrens mother in contrast to the grandmother by what they are wearing; thus their clothes represent the age from which they are. The Childrens mother still had on slacks and still had her head tied up in a green kerchief, but the grandmother had on navy blue straw sailor hat with a bunch of white dot in the print(OConnor 118). The childrens mother is representative of the New South in which the Southern Lady is becoming less of a central figure within society. A lady of the old south would never wear slacks and tie her hair up in a kerchief to go out in public. Under an old south mentality these actions would be considered very unlady like. OConnor illustrates the tension between the old and the new south by the constant struggle between the grandmother, her son, and the daughter-in-law. OConnor also poses the contrast between the old and new South in her short story Good Country People. Mrs. Hopewell and Mrs. Freeman represent the old South because of the way in which they carry themselves and their traditional beliefs and values. Mrs. Freeman works for Mrs. Hopewell who states the reason for her keepin her so long was that they were not trash. They were good country people(OConnor 272). Mrs. Hopewell describes Mrs. Freeman and her two daughters as two of the finest girls she knew and Mrs. Freeman was a lady and that she was never ashamed to take her anywhere or introduce her to anybody they might mett(OConnor 272). In contrast to Mrs. Freeman and Mrs. Hopewell, Joy/Hulga represents the new south that is not concerned with self presentation in the way that the grandmother is in A

Bgp Problems Solutions Essays

Bgp Problems Solutions Essays Bgp Problems Solutions Paper Bgp Problems Solutions Paper Moreover, the design and ubiquity of BGP has frustrated past efforts at securing intermediation routing. This paper considers the vulnerabilities currently existing within intermediation routing and surveys works relating to BGP security. The limitations and advantages of proposed solutions are explored, and the systemic and operational implications of their designs considered. We note that no current solution has yet found an adequate balance between comprehensive security and deployment cost. This work calls not only for the application of ideas described within this paper, but also tort further investigation into the problems and solutions to BGP security. Index Terms authentication, authorization, BGP, border gateway protocol, integrity, intermediation routing, network security, networks, routing l. I INTRODUCTION The Internet is a global, decentralized network comprised of many smaller interconnected networks Networks are largely comprised of end systems, referred to as hosts, and intermediate systems, called routers. Information travels through a network on one of many paths, which are selected through a routing process. Routing protocols communicate respectability information (how to locate Other hosts and routers) and ultimately perform path selection. A network under the administrative control of a single organization is called an autonomous system (AS) The process Of routing Within an AS is called antinomian routing, and routing benzene Asses is called intermediation routing. The dominant interdiction routing protocol on the Internet is the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) [21. BGP has been deployed since the centralization of the Internet, and version 4 of the protocol has been in wide use for over a decade. BGP generally works well in practice, and its simplicity and resilience have enabled it to play a fundamental role within the global Internet [3], despite roving no performance or security guarantees. Unfortunately, the limited guarantees provided by BGP sometimes contribute to serious instability and outages. While many routing failures have limited impact and scope, others may lead to significant and widespread damage. One such tailored occurred on 25 April 1 997, when a misconstrued router maintained by a small service provider in Florida injected incorrect routing information into the global Internet and claimed to have optimal connectivity to all Internet destinations. Because such statements were not validated in any way, they were widely accepted. As a August 7, 2008 DRAFT result, most Internet traffic was routed to this small ISP. The traffic overwhelmed the misconstrued and intermediate routers, and effectively crippled the Internet for almost two hours Several similar incidents have taken place in recent years [51, including a major outage caused by Coned (61 and an outage for the popular Youth site ( Youth. Com/) caused by Pakistan Telecoms 171. In addition, spammed (i. E. People sending spam e-mail) sometimes introduce false information into ESP. to enable them to exchange e-mail with mail rivers using unallocated IP addresses that are hard to trace Introducing false information into BGP is also an effective way for an attacker to snoop on traffic en route to a legitimate destination, impersonate a Wee site (e. G. , to perform identity theft), or block access to certain sites [9]. These attacks and misconstructions can Gauge anything from an inconsequential annoyance to a devastating communications failure. For example, critical applications such as online banking, stock trading, and telekinetic run over the Internet. Significant harm may arise if communication is lost at a crucial time. As the number of radical applications on the Internet grows, so will the reliance on the underlying network infrastructure to provide reliable and secure services. Consequently, there is great interest in increasing the security of BGP, as it is essentially the glue that holds the disparate parts of the Internet together. For example, the United States government cites BGP security as part of the national strategy to secure cyberspace [10]. In addition, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has working groups focusing on Routing Protocol Security Requirements [I I] and Secure Intermediation Routing [121 to investigate these security issues and fine practical solutions. BGP security is also a prominent topic at network operator meetings and mailing lists, such as the North American Network Operators Group (MANGO) [13]. Current research on BGP focuses on exposing and resolving both operational and security concerns. Operational concerns relating to BGP, such as scalability, convergence delay (i. E. , the time required for all routers to have a consistent view of the network), routing stability, and performance, have been the subject of much effort. Similarly, much of the contemporary security research has focused on the integrity, confidentiality, authentication, authorization, and validation of BGP messages. These two fields of operational issues and security research are inherently connected. Successes and tailored in each domain are interactive to both communities. This paper explores operational practice, standards activity, and ongoing research in intermediation routing security, exposing the similarities and differences in the proposed approaches to building a more secure Internet infrastructure. The next section provides a brief overview of intermediation routing and BGP. Subsequent sections examine todays security practices and longer-term solutions for secure immoderation routing. II. B ORDER G TIDEWAY P ROTATOR The Internet consists of tens of thousands of Autonomous Systems (Asses) that use the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) to exchange information about how to reach blocks of destination IP addresses (called IP prefixes). BGP is an incremental protocol-?a BGP-speaking router sends an announcement message even a new route is available, and a withdrawal message When a route no longer exists. BGP is also a path-vector protocol, where each AS adds its AS number to the beginning of the AS path before advertising the route to the next AS. Each router selects a single best BGP route for each destination prefix and may apply complex policies for selecting a route and deciding August 7, 2008 DRAFT ICANN 12. 0-0. 0/8 202. C. o. On AT 120. 0-0/8 202. 12. 128. 0/18 211. 120. 0. 0/12 SAABS 202. 12. 128. 0/18 ASSESS TALLEST JOPLIN 211. 120. 132. 0/22 SONY 211. 120. 132. 0/22 ASSESS PANIC 210. 0. 0. 07 An example of address delegation from the root (IANA) to regional and national registries. Whether to advertise the route to a neighboring router in another AS, In this section, we present an overview of intermediation routing in the Internet and scribe how most of Bags security problems stem from (i) uncertainty about the relationship between IP prefixes and the AS numbers of the Asses vivo manage them, (ii) the use of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) as the underlying transpor t protocol, and (iii) the potential to tamper with route announcements in order to subvert BGP routing policy. A. IP Prefixes and AS Numbers An IP address is a 32-bit number, typically represented in dotted- decimal notation With a separate integer for each Of the four octets. Addresses are assigned to institutions in blocks of contiguous addresses, represented by he first address and a mask length. For example, the prefix 1920. 20/24 contains all addresses where the first three octets are 192, O, and 2-?the 256 addresses 192. 0-2. 0 to 1920. 2255. Allocating addresses in blocks leads to smaller routing tables and fewer route advertisements, as most routers need only know how to direct traffic toward the block of addresses, rather than storing separate routing information for every IP address, Since prefixes have variable length, one IP prefix may be completely contained within another. For example, a router may have routing information for two prefixes 211. 120. 0/12 and where the first prefix completely covers the second one. To decide how to forward a data packet, an IP router identifies the longest prefix that matches the destination IP address. For example, a packet with destination IP address would match 211 , 1 20, 1320/22, since this prefix is more specific than 211. 12000/12. Initially, institutions received address assignments directly from the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and later from the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). More recently, ICANN began to delegate this responsibility to address registries responsible for efferent parts of the world. For example, the American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) manages the IP address assignments for North America, whereas the R ; Essex IP Europe ens (RIPE) assigns much of the address space for Europe, the Middle East, and North e E Africa; the Asia-Pacific Network Information Center (PANIC) assigns IP addresses in Asia and the Pacific Rim, the Latin American and Caribbean Internet Address Registry (LACTIC) distributes address space through the Latin August 7, 2008 DRAFT 12. 34-0. 0/16: AS AS 3 AS 4 AS 3 12,34. 0. /16: AS AS 4 AS 2 AS 7 AS 5 AS 2 AS 5 AS 7 12. 4. 0. 0/16: AS 6 12. 34. 0. 0/16: AS AS 1 ASS 12,34. 0. 0/16: AS 1 AS 6 (a) Regular advertisement from AS 6, (b) Malicious advertisement from AS l. Pig. 2. Announcement of prefix originating from the valid AS 6 and from a malicious AS 1. AS 2 and 3 will prefer the malicious advertisement from AS I because the path length will be shorter than the valid advertisements from AS American and Caribbean regions, and the African In ternet Numbers Registry (African) serves the African region. These regional registries can assign IP addresses directly to organizations or other registries, including national strategies and Internet Service Providers that may, in turn, assign smaller portions of the address block to other institutions. Figure 1 shows an example of address delegation. Here, ICANN delegates the large address block 210. 0-0. 0/7 to PANIC, which delegates 21 1. 120. 0. 0/12 to the Japan Network Information Center OPINION), which in turn assigns 211. 120. 132. 0/22 to Sony. Sony can then perform further delegation based on its organizational setup. Autonomous Systems are assigned AS numbers (Sans) in a similar manner, with ICANN serving as the ultimate authority for delegating numbers. AS numbers from 1 to 6451 1 are public and have Internet-wide scope, requiring each number to correspond to a single AS. For example, Sony has been assigned AS number 2527. In contrast, some companies have multiple Asses. For example, AS 701 corresponds to Minuets North American backbone, whereas AS 702 corresponds to Minuets European backbone. Public AS numbers can appear in the AS-path attribute of BGP advertisements, However, many institutions do not need a unique AS number. For example, an Autonomous System may connect to a single upstream network that bears sole responsibility for providing connectivity to the rest of the Internet. The customer AS may be assigned a private AS number in the range 64512-65535 for communicating via BGP faith its provider The providers routers would then advertise the BGP routes on behalf of this customer, without including the private AS number in the path.

End-Game Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

End-Game - Research Paper Example In line with this, four fundamental building blocks are said to influence strategy execution. These include a clarification of the decisions made, designing the flow of information, alignment of motivators and making the necessary changes to the organizational structure (Neilson, Martin, & Powers, 2008). An example of the application of these concepts is in one’s community organization. Usually, when one’s organization introduces a new strategy for an existing project, the program administrators meet with the members to explain the reason behind the strategy, why it is being implemented and the expected results of the strategy. This is being done to make sure that each one in the organization will work towards the achievement of the objectives of the strategy. The execution of the strategy then becomes easier because it is well understood by the employees. The factors listed above are important attributes of a successful strategy execution. Since business environments today are highly competitive, organizations will only be successful if they focus more on how the plans are executed; rather than on the plans itself (Guillà ©n & Garcà ­a-Canal, 2012). Complicated long-range strategies may no longer work in the corporate environment today because of the unpredictability of the markets (Guillà ©n & Garcà ­a-Canal, 2012). Good strategies are important but with the current trends in business, execution is what really

Managing organizational change (MBA course) Essay

Managing organizational change (MBA course) - Essay Example Sandoz was a profit making company that had transparent and defined marketing strategies with a number of products, employing fewer people (69 employees); whereas CG, a loss making company (129 employees) was a laid back attitude and heavily dependant on sale of one product Voltaren, that had generic substitutes, and the marketing was based on giving heavy discounts to achieve quarterly targets. These opposite cultures clashed with the merger. The result was that, feeling strangled, the Sandoz staff left the company through a golden handshake and the CG culture prevailed over NT. The lethargies of CG became the norm resulting in plummeting sales and mounting losses. Under Thai regulations the merger meant merger of Sandoz into CG thereby creating a new entity called NT. This led to the exodus to the Sandoz staff, and the CG culture and practices prevailed. The remaining Sandoz staff were unable to accept this practice and all but 12 left the company, after bitterly criticizing the CG ways and matters deteriorated with the new NT manager also leaving in early 1997. NT was rudderless and without objectives and goals. Fritz the new manager appointed to check and reverse the ills of NT was sent to Thailand in 1998, two years after the merger, with a mandate to raise market share and to improve management effectiveness across the organization. His clear mandate required him to turnaround the company and he handled it initially with the motive of streamlining the operations by first defining the team and team roles. He wanted to establish a hierarchy of reporting that looked like a cobweb with cross reporting resulting in loss of communications. He also found many malpractices that were either a result of corruption in the culture of the company or simply cover-ups for showing improved but false sales performances. He quickly made a situation analysis and identified