Neorealism War Avoided in Thirteen Days - 1529 Words

The film Thirteen Days chronicles the clash between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Told from the perspective of American Kenny O’Donnell, the movie depicts the discovery of missiles in Cuba, followed by deliberations on an appropriate response and the United States’ decision to enact a blockade. Though relations between the United States and the Soviet Union were precarious for a time during the film, eventual negotiations between the two succeeded in averting war. Events in this film can be regarded as examples of international relations (IR), and subsequently, IR theories can be applied to the movie. One such theory is that of neorealism. The â€Å"progeny of realism,† neorealism takes many of its traits from its predecessor. Much like realism, neorealism places states at the forefront of international relations as the main actors. Neorealism also acts on the premise that the â€Å"international realm is disting uished by the lack of a central authority† and strengthens this assumption, believing in â€Å"the importance of the structure of the international system and its role as the primary determinant of state behaviour.† To neorealism, anarchy is what the system is, not a condition of it. Another main principle of neorealism is that of self-help, a â€Å"principle of action in an anarchical system where there is no global government.† Self help is the idea that one must look after itself for there is no higher authority to give aid.

Harlem a Dream Deferred - 1043 Words

Harlem: A Dream Deferred Langston Hughes Literally Analysis Dreams are aspirations that we hope to reach on our lifetime. They are the day that gives us the drive to live our lives and accomplish our goals. When reaching our goals, we will do anything to get to our destination. But what happens when your dreams deferred and put on hold due to unseen circumstances? Or what do you so when someone tells you that you can not so the things you want to so because of the pigmentation of your skin? Langton Hughes â€Å"Harlem: A Dream Deferred† expresses that hardship and African Americans had to go through during the early 20th century. â€Å"A Dream Deferred† comes from a collection of poems â€Å"A Montage of a Dream Deferred† written in 1932 during†¦show more content†¦The dream can be a heavy burden that one carries upon its shoulder. The person can regret not fulfilling the dream by maybe think â€Å"what if...† or â€Å"what might have been†. With thoughts like these, it can mess with your mind mentally and can cause depression. Although the last stanza goes back into question form, he does not use a simile, he uses a metaphor saying â€Å"or does it explode†. He does not state specifically what explodes. When a bomb explodes, it causes destruction. When trying to fulfill a dream, you explore and use all the possible outcomes to fulfill it. When you don’t reach that goal, feel some type of anger that can make you loose hope of your dream or in this case â€Å"explode† Langston Hughes is named one of the greatest writers in the African American community. With that being said, the poem â€Å"Harlem: A Dream Deferred† has touched on the African American perspective on which the trials and tribulations that they had to go through. Although this poem is about dreams being deferred, there are lot ore poems that Langston Hughes wrote about dreams becoming true. Even though it was a little cloudy for African Americans, Langston Hughes still kept the hope that yes, someday, that history will change. Without him and other African American poets who have paved the way for the next generation and generations to come, America could have been left the same. With the changes of socialShow MoreRelatedHarlem A Dream Deferred Analysis762 Words   |  4 Pagesbecomes their dream, but people do not always fulfill these dreams. There are obstacles that come in the way of people being able to fulfill their dreams. In â€Å"Harlem [A Dream Deferred]† Lan gston Hughes uses imagery and rhetorical questions in order to demonstrate what happens to a dream. The theme that appears through Langston Hughes poem is the theme of not pursuing a dream. Through Hughes poem, this theme is demonstrated and the imagery helps in conveying the idea of having a dream postponed. Read MoreExplication Of Harlem s Dream Deferred912 Words   |  4 PagesExplication of â€Å"Harlem [Dream Deferred]† â€Å"Harlem [Dream Deferred]† by Langston Hughes may seem like an insignificant poem at first glance. It contains only 11 lines and the diction is simple enough, but it is much more profound upon further exploration and understanding. Hughes applies the theme of frustration and use of metaphor, simile, and imagery to express the important issues of this time. The community of Harlem was primarily black, and this poem articulates the struggle of these people duringRead More A Comparison of the Dream Deferred in A Raisin in the Sun and Harlem1407 Words   |  6 PagesA Dream Deferred in A Raisin in the Sun and Harlem In Lorraine Hansberrys play A Raisin in the Sun, the author reveals a hard-working, honest African-American family struggling to make their dreams come true. Langston Hughes poem, Harlem, illustrates what could happen if those dreams never came to fruition. Together, both Hansberry and Hughes show the effects on human beings when a long-awaited dream is thwarted by economic and social hardships. Each of the characters in A RaisinRead More Power of Langston Hughes Harlem (A Dream Deferred) Essay674 Words   |  3 PagesPower of Langston Hughes Harlem (A Dream Deferred) In our journey through life, we all have certain expectations of how we would like our lives to be. All of us strive to reach a certain level of self-actulization and acceptance. It could thus be said that all of us live a dream. Some of these individual dreams inevitably become the collective dream of many people. In Harlem (A Dream Deferred), Langston Hughes makes use of symbolism as well as powerful sensory imagery to show us the emotionsRead MoreAnalysis of Harlem (A Dream Deferred) and A Raisin in the Sun855 Words   |  4 PagesIn Langston Hughes’ poem, the author gives us vivid examples of how dreams get lost in the weariness of everyday life. The author uses words like dry, fester, rot, and stink, to give us a picture of how something that was originally intended for good, could end up in defeat. Throughout the play, I was able to feel how each character seemed to have their dreams that fell apart as the story went on. I believe the central theme of the play has ev erything to do with the pain each character goes thruRead More Dreams of Blacks Deferred in the Poetry of Langston Hughes Essay1711 Words   |  7 PagesDreams of Blacks Deferred in the Poetry of Langston Hughes    The poetry of Langston Hughes, the poet laureate of Harlem, is an effective commentary on the condition of blacks in America during the 20th Century. Hughes places particular emphasis on Harlem, a black area in New York that became a destination of many hopeful blacks in the first half of the 1900s. In much of Hughes poetry, a theme that runs throughout is that of a dream deferred. The recurrence of a dream deferred in severalRead MoreA Dream Deferred - the Poetry of Langston Hughes1647 Words   |  7 Pageslaureate of Harlem, is an effective commentary on the condition of blacks in America during the 20th Century. Hughes places particular emphasis on Harlem, a black area in New York that became a destination of many hopeful blacks in the first half of the 1900à ­s. In much of Hughes poetry, a theme that runs throughout is that of a dream deferred. The recurrence of adream deferred in several Hughes poems paints a clear picture of the disappointment and dismay that blacks in Americ a faced in Harlem. FurthermoreRead MoreLiterary Analysis of Langston Hughess A Dream Deferred1028 Words   |  4 Pagesand A Dream Deferred, is no exception. In Langston Hughess poem, A Dream Deferred, the theme is that no really knows to dreams if they are not reached, and very realistic figures of speech help convey this idea; the poem can be surprisingly related to Mr. Hughess life through the subtitle and quotes from Langston himself. The meaning of, A Dream Deferred, is that no one really knows what happens to dreams that are not fulfilled. The poem starts with the line, What happens to a dream deferredRead More Harlem, An Analysis of a Langston Hughes Poem Essay1405 Words   |  6 PagesHarlem, An Analysis of a Langston Hughes Poem The short but inspirational poem Harlem by Langston Hughes addresses what happens to aspirations that are postponed or lost. The brief, mind provoking questions posed throughout the poem allow the readers to reflect--on the effects of delaying our dreams. In addition, the questions give indications about Hughes views on deferred dreams. Harlem is an open form poem. The poem consists of three stanzas that do not have a regularRead MoreThe New Negro Summary Essay1412 Words   |  6 Pageslike a spiritual emancipation. Many African Americans moved to Harlem, a neighborhood located in Manhattan. Back in the day Harlem became the world’s largest black community; also home to a diverse mix of cultures. Having extraordinary outbreak of inspired movement revealed their unique culture and encouraged them to discover their heritage; and becoming the New Negro,† Also known as â€Å"New Negro Movement,† it was later named the Harlem Renaissance. Realizing that America was not yet the racial equal

Morality and Iraq War 2003

Question: Describe about the Report for Morality and Iraq War 2003. Answer: Introduction The great concern has been spread over the discussion of morality and the death of Iraqis, by the US invasion in the year 2003. The scholars have used various methods to analyze the death rate and destruction in Iraq. The scholars have used the data provided by the Ministry of Health, media reports and morality tallies. The best known data is about the Iraqi Body Count,, which stated that till year 2006 43491 and 48283 Iraqis were killed. The action of Iraq invasion has been criticized by many people all over the world. It is because this action leads to massive destruction and death of many innocent people. Just to kill some of the wrong people, the aggressive action could not justify the reason. This paper will analyze the just war theory to discuss the action taken by US was not morally justified. It is believed that action taken by US was not necessary; also the paper will explain the democralization could not be a justified reason for aggression, either from the ethical perspect ive, or from the legal point of view. This war has been very crucial, because it had a very low level of support from the public and also lead to the failure of the American military and other coalition. Thus, testing the morality of the Iraq war is very significant. Iraq War and Morality The Iraq war in the year 2003 has given rise to the plethora of the analysis in many fields. The analysis of the war is done in the disciplines of media, social science, international relations, international laws, political science etc. One of the major issues associated with the war is the issue of morality. Many scholars and thinkers are adamant about analyzing the effect of war because of the consequences it created. The effect of the war has forced people to think about the unipolar system in terms of the international relations. It is also believed and discussed that power of USA was overestimated before the initiation of the war. The discussion over morality of the war was initiated by the journal of Ethics and International Affairs. This journal raised the discussion about morality in the war against Iraq. Anti? (2009) states that, the name of the tradition just war is rather unfortunate due to the massiveness of the issue. What is really being addressed is the moral justifia bility of the use of force. Also it is not really a theory of just war. It provides more of a moral calculus for the determination of the moral justifiability of the force, than a theory of war (p 121). One of the recurrent and permanent realities about the existence of the humans is war. According to the earliest records from the history of humankind, humans have been found to be engaged in the armed conflicts, and have considered war as the main method of the conflict resolution. However the perpetrators of the war seem to be effectively analyzing the armed violence, due to the fact that there is no justified reason of violent actions. The Iraqi war was a major operation to attain Iraq freedom. UK and US forces invaded Iraq and had gained control over most of the Iraq in very few days. The forces had gained the rapid conventional military victory, but he guerrilla war was continued over the US and UK army troops. The number of deaths was estimated to increase till the time these wars were continued. The case of morality is major issue to be discussed, because 30% of the people killed in the war were civilians (Gordon, 2003, 1117). The discussion of the morality of the Iraq war is also discussed because of the ethical questions it raises. The mass destruction in Iraq has been very massive and also proved to be wrong. The morality had to be justified because of the reason that number of terrorist has not been decreased since the massive destruction. Also, American troops had been killed in large number and many of them had been lost. The most basic ethical value that has been discussed is due to the barbarous and systematic abuse of the Iraqi detaniees. The people in many of the cities had suffered allot, also nationwide insurgency was portended by Shiites and Sunnies (Tapp et al, 2008). They had stand against the presence of US army in Iraq. Thus, there was not only a war that America was fighting against the terrorists, but also an internal war, in which people had been involved to gain their freedom from US invasion. The morality of the War is major issue not only the high death rate, but also due to the tort ure that Iraqi prisoners had to face. Even after all this destruction and torture half of the Americans believed that war was morally correct. The repressive and most aggressive actions of US army against Iraqis are the major moral challenge over their action (Powers, 2003). In order to end the Saddam Husseins regime, the US invasion was decided. However, it can be argued that does the capture of Saddam Hussein have changed the life of Iraqi people? Just War Theory The theory of just war was found to be coined in the works of St. Augustine. The most important criteria about any war are that the war had been occurred for the justified purpose or for the selfish purposes. According to Chambers (2004), The United Nations Charter also has contributed to just war theory by recognizing the intrinsic right of each sovereign nation to self-defense (Chambers, 2004, 3). Outlawing the use of the military power in order to resolve the conflicts, or more appropriately the international conflict is the decision of the UN charter. According to UN charter, every nation has the equal rights to defend themselves from the attack of the other forces. Elshtain (1992), explains it as which is by the very nature unlawful (p. 205). Thus, it is unlawful to invade a nation and creating massive destruction to eliminate few terrorists. Just war theory also deals with the the legitimacy of killing noncombatants, the treatment of prisoners, the use of poisons, appropriation of property, and the use of especially terrible weapons (Elshtain, 1992, 203). Another purpose of this theory is to govern the alternatives of the war at the first place and justify the conditions under which the war has been done. The just war theory is based on six main conditions. The first condition is that the reason of the war must be justified, second is that the right authority must make the decision to go for the war, third is that the people going for war must have the right intentions, fourth is that the war must be undertaken only as the last alternative, fifth is that the aim of the war must be to restore emergent peace and the last condition is that war must be proportionate (Chambers, 2004). According to the first condition of the Just war theory, the reason of the war must be just. According to the scholars the most justified reason is to undertake in response of the aggression. Thus, the question is that US invasion in Iraq was undertaken as the response towards Iraqs aggression? The justified reason towards the war, as presented by President Bush, was that the aggressive behavior of Iraq was twofold (Tapp et al, 2008). The first was that Iraq had produced the concealed weapons, which could have been used to harm American people or other innocent people of the world. The justified reason was that people in America were terrified and were the victim of the Iraqi aggression, as Saddam Hussein could have done mass destruction. The second justified reason given by Americans was that Iraqi had a great link to the terrorists groups, who had attacked US in 2001 (Chambers, 2004). The second condition was that the right authority must make the decision about going on the war. Some of the scholars believe that US action to invade Iraq were legitimate and right. According to American constitution, The President of the country has the right to use the military actions against other nations. The third condition was that people going for the war must have the correct intentions. The justified intention of the war must be to do the right and to bring peace. The public speeches of the President Bush had claimed that the major justified reason of Iraqi invasion is to reduce the terrorist actions. However, there is still a question about the morality of the actions and intentions. Getting rid of Saddam Hussein and destruction of the weapons were not the only intentions of US. Some of the scholars claim that the true intentions of America for invading Iraq were to acquire the oil supply of Iraq (Chambers, 2004). Novak (2003) has stated that the fundamental motive seems to be the geopolitical position that Iraq holds in the Middle East [as one of] the three major oil and natural gas producing states (Iraq, Iran and Saudi Arabia). US claimed that their main intention was to restore peace, by eradicating terrorism, but US also had the desire of national self interest and thus right intentions are not justified (Anti?, 2009). The fourth condition of just war is that war should be considered as the last resort. However, it has been found that war was not considered as the last resort y US. American Government could have tried the non violent ways. Taking away the consent of the general public can collapse the regime. If the Iraqi people had been encouraged to take part in non-violent actions against terrorism, the war could have been avoided (Chambers, 2004). Thus, the morality could not be justified by these intentions of US. Iraq war had not been associated with any kind of moral actions and self interest was the main agenda. The fifth condition of just war theory proposes that the goal or the aim of the war must emergent peace. It can be accepted that US motive was to establish peace, by reducing terrorism, dismantaling the supply of weapons and saving the lives of millions of people all over the world (Gordon, 2003). However, this act can be questioned under morality and ethics, because upheaval of Sad dam Hussein has not been able to reduce terrorism. Although, the revenge killing, new tyranny and anrchy has been increased. The stability and peace could not be achieved till date. Many innocent people had lost their lives and many have to be displaced from their land (Iraq Family Health Survey Study Group, 2008). Conclusion Iraq War and US invasion in 2003 has raised many questions about the morality and ethics. The war occurred due to the American intentions to kill Saddam Hussein and to lessen the terrorist activities all over the world. The war could not be considered as moral. The paper used the just war theory to determine the morality of Iraq war. According to this analysis there was no morality in the Iraq War, because the war seems to be derived from personal interest and intentions of America. America could not completely justify the correct reasons for war, which could have been avoided. The sixth condition of the just war theory states about the proportionate war. The destruction and evils of the war must not overshadow the achieved goods (Murray, Scales, 2003). The Iraq war can be seen as just as it resulted in the destruction of Saddam Hussein and weapon mass destruction. The war ended a cruel and tyrant dictator, who had killed thousands of innocent people. His removal from the Iraq was done to ensure that such atrocities must not occur in future (Burnham et al, 2006). However, the war resulted in humanitarian trouble for thousands of innocent Iraqi people, many of the people lost their loved ones, their homes were destroyed and prisoners faced extensive torture. Thus, the Iraq war could not be considered as morally and ethically justified, nor it could be considered as proportionate. References Anti?, M. (2009). Iraq War (2003-): Was It Morally Justified?.Politi?ka misao,46(1), 88-113. Burnham, G., Lafta, R., Doocy, S., Roberts, L. (2006). Mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: a cross-sectional cluster sample survey.The Lancet,368(9545), 1421-1428. Chambers, R. (2004). Just War theory and the US-led War on Iraq from 2003. University of Wollongong, 1-18. Elshtain, J. B. (1992).Just war theory. NYU Press. Gordon, D. (2003). The Cost, Consequences and Morality of War in Iraq1.Age,18(24), 16. Gordon, D. (2003). Iraq, War and Morality.Economic and Political Weekly, 1117-1120. Iraq Family Health Survey Study Group. (2008). Violence-related mortality in Iraq from 2002 to N Engl J Med,2008(358), 484-493. Murray, W., Scales, R. H. (2003).The Iraq War. Harvard University Press. 43 Novak, Michael. (2004). Asymmetrical Warfare Just War. Retrieved from: https://www.nationalreview.com/article/205864/asymmetrical-warfare-just-war-michael-novak Powers, G. F. (2003). An Ethical Analysis of War Against Iraq.Blueprint for Social Justice,56(7). Tapp, C., Burkle, F. M., Wilson, K., Takaro, T., Guyatt, G. H., Amad, H., Mills, E. J. (2008). Iraq War mortality estimates: a systematic review.Conflict and health,2(1), 1.

The Uniform Commercial Code free essay sample

The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), first published in 1952, is one of a number of uniform acts that have been promulgated in conjunction with efforts to harmonize the law of sales and other commercial transactions in all 50 states within the United States of America. The goal of harmonizing state law is important because of the prevalence of commercial transactions that extend beyond one state. For example, goods may be manufactured in State A, warehoused in State B, sold from State C and delivered in State D. The UCC therefore achieved the goal of substantial uniformity in commercial laws and, at the same time, allowed the states the flexibility to meet local circumstances by modifying the UCCs text as enacted in each state. The UCC deals primarily with transactions involving personal property (movable property), not real property (immovable property) Firm offers (offers that cannot be revoked for a set time) are valid without consideration and irrevocable for time stated (or up to 3 months) and must be signed. We will write a custom essay sample on The Uniform Commercial Code or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Offer to buy goods for â€Å"prompt shipment† invites acceptance by either prompt shipment or a prompt promise to ship. Therefore, this offer is not strictly unilateral. However, this â€Å"acceptance by performance† does not even have to be by conforming goods. Consideration modifications without consideration may be acceptable in a contract for the sale of goods. Failure to state price—in a contract for the sale of goods, the failure to state a price will NOT prevent the formation of a contract if the parties’ original intent was to form a contract. A reasonable price will be determined by the court. Assignments a requirements contract can be assigned if the quantity required by the assignee is not unreasonably disproportionate to original quantity In 1980 the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (the CISG) was introduced to create international certainty and uniformity in the law and to govern issues that arise in an international sale of goods transaction. This paper focuses on the international sale of commodity type goods and the ability of the CISG to govern contracts for the sale of such commodities. Commodity type goods comprise a broad range of products including grains, wheat, oil, soybeans, rice, cotton and chemicals. Commodities are characterized as being substitutable goods that are produced in bulk quantities by a large number of producers. As will be illustrated, commodity markets have many unique characteristics that distinguish the international sales of commodities from the international sale of goods intended for commercial consumption. The natural flexibility of the CISG warrants it a suitable instrument of law to govern contracts for the international sale of commodities, particularly given the contractual freedom and precedence afforded to parties involved in a sale by Arts. 6 and 9. It is an appropriate tool for use in a commodity sales contract, especially when applied to a contract that incorporates internationally recognized trade terms or standard usages into the contract. Interestingly, although the CISG is an apt and fitting instrument of law to govern international commodity sales, it is generally excluded in standard form contracts that instead opt for English law in arbitration and as the proper law of the contract. At present the CISG does not hold the same measure of reported judgments and case law that the United Kingdom retains on commodity sales, but it is more and more frequently being referred to in arbitration cases and national decisions. The CISG is capable of being developed and extended to meet the requirements of international trade in a uniform manner that cannot be accomplished by a single domestic law. Generally, the CISG applies only to contracts for the sale of goods between parties whose relevant places of business are in different Contracting States or when the rules of private international law lead to the application of the law of a Contracting State. Nations adhering to the Convention may exclude the latter basis of applicability, so you will have to check for declarations and reservations. Under the Convention, the fact that the parties to the contract have their places of business in different States is to be disregarded whenever this fact does not appear either from the contract or from any dealings between, or from information disclosed by, the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract. Consequently, you should consider identifying the parties places of business in the contract in a way that makes evident the applicability or non-applicability of the Convention. The CISG is the product of a long process of development by legal and commercial experts. At this writing it has been adopted by 62 nations. When you are negotiating a sales contract choice of law clause, even if the Convention would not apply to your sales contract, it could be a suitable neutral ground between the law of your contract partners home and your domestic law. The ICC model contract incorporates the CISG with the intention that the Convention apply whether or not the countries of the seller and buyer have ratified it. Consider adopting the CISG as part of your contract, where it would not apply otherwise. You should be able to make the CISG part of your contract by using a choice of law clause. Domestic law will govern the validity of such a clause, but under usual conflicts of law rules, most often, choice of law clauses are enforceable. The laws of many nations differ as to whether contracts for the sales of goods must be in writing. Under the UCC, American law requires that contracts for the sales of goods of $500 or more be in writing. (Under proposed amendments to the UCC, the requirement would be increased to $5,000 and the requirement of a signed â€Å"writing† would be changed to signed â€Å"record. Writing requirements in common law countries date back to an act of the English Parliament in 1677. In 1954, however, the United Kingdom repealed its law. Under CISG Article 11, a contract for the international sale of goods â€Å"need not be concluded in or evidenced by writing and is not subject to any other requirement as to form. It may be proved by any means, includi ng witnesses. â€Å"This is in keeping with a basic concept found in the CISG: that the parties should have flexibility in contracting and as much freedom of contract as possible. The â€Å"Battle of the forms† under the UCC: In the United States the mirror image rule has been modified by statute to deal with modern business practices and to avoid the problems in the preceding examples. Under subsections 1 and 2 of the original UCC 2-207: 1. A written confirmation that is sent within a reasonable time operates as an acceptance even though it states terms additional to or different from those in the purchase order, unless the confirmation â€Å"is expressly made conditional on assent to the additional of different terms. † 2. If both parties are merchants, any additional terms contained in the seller’s confirmation automatically become a part of the contract unless: a. The buyer’s purchase order â€Å"expressly limits acceptance† to the terms in that order; b. The additional terms in the confirmation â€Å"materially alter† the terms of the order; or c. The buyer notifies the seller of an objection to the additional terms within a reasonable time after receiving the confirmation containing the new terms. A careful reading of UCC 2-207 shows that the UCC attempts to uphold the intentions of the parties by keeping the contract in existence where there are only minor differences between the forms used by the parties. The UCC states that, between merchants, an acceptance by a confirmation that contains additional terms that reflect only minor changes from the buyer’s order will be effective to produce a contract, and the minor terms become a part of it (unless the buyer notifies the seller of an objection to the new term). A minor term might be one that is in usual and customary usage in the trade. Adding a provision that calls for an interest penalty for late payment is an example of a minor term (only because such penalties are common in sales contracts). The battle of the forms under the CISG: The CISG rules fall somewhere between the rules set out by the common and civil law and the UCC. In an international sales transaction governed by the CISG, an acceptance containing new terms that do not materially alter the terms of the offer becomes a part of the contract, unless the offeror promptly objects to the change. However, a purported acceptance that contains additional or different terms that do materially alter the terms of the offer would constitute a rejection of the offer and a counteroffer. No contract would arise at all unless the offeror in return accepted all of the terms of the counteroffer. (Recall that under the UCC a contract would arise, albeit without the new terms). Continuing the previous example, no contract would be formed between DownPillow and Federhaus under the CISG, and Federhaus’s new material term would amount to no more than a counteroffer. Unlike the UCC, the CISG states those key elements of a contract that will materially alter a contract: price, payment, quality and quantity of goods, place and time of delivery, extent of one party’s liability to the other, and settlement of disputes. This list is so broad that almost any term could conceivably be interpreted as â€Å"material. † Thus, under the CISG, almost any new of different term in the acceptance could constitute a counteroffer. The effect is that many businesspeople may believe that they are â€Å"under contract† when they really are not. Consequently, those businesspeople negotiating an international contract must make certain that all material terms of the contract are understood and agreed upon by the parties.

Sir Gawain And The Green Knight The Role Of Women Essays

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: The Role of Women Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: The Role of Women In the fourteenth century, chivalry was in decline due to drastic social and economic changes. Although feudalism-along with chivalry-would eventually fall for other reasons, including a decrease in cheap human resources due to a drop in population caused by plague epidemics and the emergence of a mercantile middle class, the Gawain author perceived a loss of religious values as the cause of its decline. Gawain and the Green Knight presents both a support of the old feudal hierarchies and an implicit criticism of changes by recalling chivalry in its idealized state in the court of King Arthur. The women in the story are the poet's primary instruments in this critique and reinforcement of feudalism. The poet uses the contrast between the Virgin Mary with Lady Bertilak's wife to point out the conflict between courtly and spiritual love that he felt had weakened the religious values behind chivalry. The poem warns that a loss of the religious values behind chivalry would lead to its ultimate destruction. Although superficially Sir Gawain and the Green Knight appears to be a romantic celebration of chivalry, it contains wide-ranging serious criticism of the system. The poet is showing Gawain's reliance on chivalry's outside form and substance at the expense of the original values of the Christian religion from which it sprang. The first knights were monastic ones, vowing chastity, poverty and service to God, and undertaking crusades for the good of their faith. The divergence between this early model and the fourteenth century knight came with the rise of courtly love in which the knights were led to their great deeds by devotion to a mistress rather than God. The discrepancy between this and the church's mistrust of women and desires of the flesh is obvious, and the poet uses women in the story to deliver this message. In contrast to reality at the time, women in the story are given great power: Mary, when properly worshiped, gives Gawain his power, Lady Bertilak operates alone in the bedroom and singlehandedly taints the chevalier, and Morgan the Fay instigates the entire plot, wielding enough power. The author is using them as a metaphor for other anti-social forces and dangers outside the control of feudalism and chivalry, drawing upon biblical and classical examples in his audience's minds of where femininity is linked with subversiveness. Lady Bertilak is clearly seen in the Biblical role of the temptress, the Eve who led Adam astray--in Gawain, she represents the traditional female archetypes of courtly love, disobedience, lust and death. Eve's antithesis is the Virgin Mary, who is the only women who achieves motherhood while maintaining her chastity; she represents spiritual love, obedience, chastity, and life That Gawain is Mary's Knight is made clear as he is robed for battle; the pentangle represents the five joys of Mary, and he has "that queen's image / Etched on the inside of his armored shield" (648-649). As long as he is solely focused on his quest for the Green Knight, he derives his prowess and courage from his special relationship with Mary. On his journey to look for the Green Knight he is beset by a number of hardships, and is finally brought to the point of despair. Alone and freezing in the forest, he prays to Mary for shelter and a place to say mass on Christmas Eve. She answers his prayers and leads him to Bertilak's castle; however, his arrival at Bertilak's court throws him into a totally different world. Here, Gawain impresses courtiers of Bertilak's castle with his prowess in the field of courtly love rather than the feats of daring or his upholding of his honor, traits that would draw compliments in Arthur's court. Camelot is portrayed in its youth, long before it too is tainted by Lancelot and courtly love; Arthur is young, "child-like (86)" and the "fine fellowship [of Camelot] was in its fair prime." The analogy is obvious: Arthur's court embodies chivalry's pure roots, where martial exploits were the primary subject of interest, whereas Bertilak's castle represents the low point of the degeneration the poet perceives chivalry to have undergone. The Lady's association with courtly love also ties this aspect of chivalry with degeneration and sin. Immediately upon his arrival in Bertilak's court, the separation between courtly love religion is clear: Gawain at Mass is "in serious mood the whole service through"(940). This serious mood is immediately forgotten with the sight of the Lady, whom he immediately focuses on at the expense of

Burning Mississippi essays

Burning Mississippi essays The film Burning Mississippi was based on the prejudice acts towards the African Americans in the south and in this case Mississippi. The time was in the 50s an 60s during the period of the Ku Klux Klan. The reason for these acts of hate was because the white men thought that they where the only race that mattered and the African Americans where the scum of society. In the movie it shows how even the law was out to get the African Americans, because when ever the KKK did something such as burning down houses and lynching negros they would just sit back and not step in and do anything about it. To prove that I want to tell you about the first scene that happened in the movie. There was three males driving on the road at night time and they were approached by three other cars and, the three males didnt no who they were so they pulled and it was two police man and a few other men. Well the three men in the car were a negro and two white males, all three were shot dead by the po lice men because he didnt think that white males should talk or even be seen with a negro. These white males where considered negro lovers. The very first image that sticks in your mind is the officer putting his gun to the boys head and pulling the trigger. This shows how savage they are. There are many characters in this film, there are all the F.B.I agents trying to find the three boys then the police, towns people, African Americans, and Clayton the police mans wife. The theme of this story shows how destructive mankind can be towards one another. I do not agree with the theme of this story because I dont think that mankind should destroy one another, no matter how we dont like other we shouldnt destroy each other. I think Hollywood did a good job on making this accurate to how it was back in the day. They really went into depth to show how it reall ...

Advanced Business Finance and Advanced Financial Management Essay

Advanced Business Finance and Advanced Financial Management - Essay Example Ciana, (2011, p. 34) argues that when investor points at reliable quotation in a potential market, the entire data on the key traits that shall promote success in such an investment usually go unnoticed as price-to-earnings ratio, volume and size of the market, or even ex-share date targeted as priority. Previous studies on fundamental and technical analysis framework has created sizeable prove on their respective capabilities to discuss the arena of stock prices or to predict future variation of the share value. Despite this achievement, the literature has been silent on developing a reliable approach of integrating both technical and fundamental analysis methods in determining equity valuation as well as reaching to an investment decision. The current study utilizes fused fundamental framework whereby objective analysis of the share value is integrated with the technical analysis of the past returns and value in the stock market. More specifically, the report focused on the share values in banks, supermarket, telecommunication companies and RandGold Resource limited. The technical information in UK stocks has been utilized frequently by the investors to make decision pertaining which industry they should invest in. Generally, the technical information focuses on the shares’ price over a short term as well as the returns attained from sale volume information. Even when the stock price strays, the arbitrager can end up acquiring excess simultaneous returns in the market. A notable business research based on technical information in the UK stock price is the momentum investment approach (Konecny, 2013, p. 175). Along with the increase of the abnormal phenomena, attempted exploration on feasibilities of UK stock market anomalies stretch out to shaping investment behavior on account of the financial capacity. For instance, the investor applies heuristics to cement subjective marks and regarded as crucial decision criteria to attain abnormal

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Create a Popular Culture Artifact Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Create a Popular Culture Artifact - Assignment Example I would like to incorporate some popular culture elements in my website. As I said, I would include the shopping option using virtual shelves and windows displaying costumes that the e-consumer would like to buy after going through the catalogue and put into his shopping cart. He would be able to pay online using his credit card or any payment website like AlertPay or Pay Pal. Second, I would like to include the option of chat. The consumers will be able to have an online chat with the designers and other fashion-savvy consumers. I will also include blogs from the visitors of the website along with news about the upcoming events in the fashion industry. The website will have animations and colorful layout. I would also add the option of joining a favorite designers’ group at facebook by providing a link to the facebook page where the e-consumers would be able to join that group, become a fan of a specific designer, comment on his designed accessories, and view his collection. The visitors will be able to contact a designer through my website and place orders by explaining what type of costumes or accessories they want. I will include videos and podcasts about the fashion shows and events happening in the fashion industry. People will be able to download these videos and podcasts onto their media players. I will also give space to fashion advertisements and sponsors that will help people further explore the fashion world. I will be using Frontpage for basic programming along with EZGenerator website building software to make the best use of website templates that would help me incorporate all the popular culture elements I have mentioned above. I would take help from softwares like CoffeeCup, Ewisoft Website Builder, EasyWebEditor and Adobe Dreamweaver to make my website attractive and interesting to visit. I would like to incorporate beautifully created and colorful website icons in my

Development of Sustainable Water Management System

Development of Sustainable Water Management System 1.0 Introduction A regeneration project close to Bedford will see the construction of a hotel and a school, with both intended to be sustainable. Hunt et al. (2006) judge a developments sustainability based upon its impact upon the local environment, its cost effectiveness, both during and after construction, and also its impact upon society. These factors tend to relate, to varying degrees on different projects, to how sustainable the developments water usage is. Taking this into account, those designing and building the school and the hotel have put considerable time and effort into ensuring that the projects water management setup is from the very top of the line. The following report focuses on the design and implementation of the regeneration projects water management system, calculating the respective quantities of water required for the school and for the hospital to run effectively and evaluating the alternative green solutions available to ensure efficient use of water in the two buildings. Among the green technologies looked at, consideration will be given to collection, storage and usage of rainwater to supplement the water supply sourced from utilities companies. Recycled grey water will also be discussed as a possible means of saving water. Lastly, the report will look into methods of conserving water, explaining how they would be implemented and how effective they would be if utilised on this particular project. 2.0 Description of the Regeneration Project The school that is being constructed will be co-ed and will enrol up to 150 students, catering to children between the ages of six and twelve years old. The school will have a staff of sixteen: eight on full-time contracts, two providing maintenance services and the rest working on a part-time basis. The hotel that is being built will consist of fifty double-rooms and will take on four members of staff on a full-time basis. The schools roof will be made from pitched tiles, taking up approximately 385 m ­2, and approximately 600 m2 of smooth surface. The hotels roof will also be made from pitched tiles, but with no smooth surface. It will take up approximately 1,200 m2. 3.0 Estimating water requirements for the school and the hotel In order to come up with a water strategy, the water requirements of the two buildings must first be approximated. Bradford (2007) notes that for different kinds of end users, there are a variety of purposes that water can be used for, giving the example of the dissimilarity in the water usage patterns of domestic users compared with agricultural users. 3.1 Water requirements for the school The figures in Table 3.1 calculate the schools overall water consumption as being at 720 m3/year. Figure 3.1 breaks down the schools water consumption categorically, displaying the main uses to which water is put in terms of quantity. Flushing toilets takes up the largest proportion (36%) of water consumption (see Figure 3.1). 3.2 Water requirements for the hotel Hunt et al. (2006) note that there is great variation in the use of water at hotels. What consumption patterns there are tend to relate to water usage by the hotels guests, the presence or absence of a hotel swimming pool and the hotels star rating. As there is insufficient data regarding the hotels star rating and water consumption, a water usage estimate of 30 m3/bed space/year is made, as this is displayed in Table 3.2 (Waggett and Arotsky, 2006) to be the typical consumption in hotels without a rating that do not have swimming pools. With the average requirement of water estimated at 30 m3/bed space/year and with a total of fifty double-rooms, total demand can be approximated to be = 30*50*2 = 3000 m3. Hotels use their water supply for bathing, flushing toilets, drinking, cooking, cleaning and gardening. With no data available which can be used to break down water usage into its constituent elements, this is estimated using average UK domestic use (see Figure 3.2) and modified UK hotel use, based on single occupants (see Figure 3.2). 4.0 Non-potable water supply options for the school and the hotel Hastings (2006) differentiates between water that is fit for drinking, known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"potable water, and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"non-potable water which, while it is not fit for ingestion, may still be utilised to flush toilets, for cleaning vehicles, buildings or clothes (in washing machines) or to irrigate land. While all non-potable water fails to meet the minimum required standards for drinking water, Hastings makes a further distinction between treated non-potable water, known as green water, and untreated non-potable water, referred to as grey water. 4.1 Rainwater harvesting (RH) The EA (2003) notes that rainwater collection may occur by gathering the water from roofs or from hard surfaces such as roads using down pipes (see Figure A-1 in the Appendix). The rainwater gathered can be utilised for any number of non-potable water uses. An approximation will be made here of the expected rainwater harvest from the two buildings being constructed. The rainwater harvests quality varies with elements from outside, like the amount of leaves or bird droppings contaminating the harvest. The impact of these elements can be lessened with the use of a protective filter to cover the rainwater outlet (Cornwall Energy Efficiency Advice Centre, 2007). The EA (2003) also notes that rainwater is of a good enough standard to not need treatment after it has been collected, before it can be used. The gathered water will be kept in an over-ground plastic tank, with its placement selected so as to minimise bacteria growth in hot weather, while also minimising frost when the weather is cold. Line filters will also be put in place. With the right choice of filter and of placement, bad smells and water discolouration can be lessened. 4.1.1 Determination of the quantity of gatherable rainwater for the hotel and The school Accurately calculating the best quantity of gatherable rainwater for the two buildings calls for a plan of the roofs catchment areas and also for rainfall data relating to the local area (see Figure 4.1) (covering the previous 20 years) It is not possible to gather all of the rain that falls on the buildings and transfer it to the plastic container in its entirety. Usually, rainfall harvests lose something in the region of 10%-60% of the water, varying with the kind of roof in question, the drainage coefficient of the material it has been made from (see Table 1) and the filter efficiency: always à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“0.9à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. It is also possible to lose rainwater if the container it collects in overflows due to heavy rainfall or low water usage (ibid, 2003). Table 4.1: Drainage coefficient for different roof types Roof type Runoff coefficient Pitched roof tiles 0.75 0.9 Flat roof with smooth tiles 0.5 Flat roof with gravel layer 0.4 0.5 (Source: EA, 2003) Based on the aforementioned data, it is possible to work out the potential rainfall harvest in a particular location by inputting the data into this formula (EA, 2008): Q = AAR x TCA x RC x FC where Q = Annual Gatherable Rainfall (litres) AAR = Annual Average Rainfall (mm/yr) TCA = Total Catchment Area (m2) RC = Runoff Coefficient FC = Filter Coefficient 1. For the school As, logically, a larger roof will allow for the collection of a greater quantity of rainwater, it is important to be aware of the roof area. The roof surface areas and their construction materials are: Pitched roof tiles 600 m2 Flat roof (smooth surface) 385 m2 According to Table 4.1, the minimum possible RC for pitched roof tiles is 0.75, while the RC for smooth surface roofs is 0.5 AAR = Annual Average Rainfall (mm/yr) =à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Average Rainfall (mm) for the 12 Month period illustrated by Figure 4.1 = 573mm The Annual Collectable Rainfall (litres), Q = ((600 m2 X (573 mm) X 0.75) + (385 m2 X (573 mm) X 0.5)) X 0.9 = 331,337.25 litres per annum. = 331.34 m3 per annum. This is a lower value than that of the predicted total annual water demand for the school. 2. For the hotel The hotels roof area is 1,200 m2, entirely made from pitched roof tiles. Q = 1,200 X 573 X 0.75 X 0.9 = 464,130 litres per annum = 464.13 m3per annum. This value also falls below predicted annual water demand for the hotel. Table A-1 (see Appendix A) approximates the monthly rainfall harvest for the two buildings, using the aforementioned equation and using the RC of pitched roof tiles. The figures for the predicted rainfall harvest and the predicted water requirements point to a shortfall in the ability of the rainwater to fulfil the projects water requirements. However, the rainwater may still play a significant role, perhaps covering the two buildings toilet flushing needs, for instance. 4.1.2 Sizing the storage tank in the RH system for the two buildings The EA (2003) notes that the storage tanks purchase price is the most expensive element of setting up the RH system and so deciding upon the right size for it is very important. The biggest tank will not necessarily be the most efficient in the long run and so it is important to work out the optimal size, so that the buildings can harvest sufficient rainwater without overspending. The quantity of water that is kept in the tank should ideally approach the quantity that is required to service the two buildings. The choice of tank must account for price, size and a minimum of two water overflows each year, in order to get rid of unwanted objects in the tank-water. The project planners may also want to invest in a first flush device (Well, 2003) to ensure that the initial water flow, which will contain debris that has collected on the roof, does not enter the tank, keeping its contents relatively clean. The makers and retailers of the rainfall harvest setup will have means of determining the best tank size for the project. In fact, some of them have applications available for visitors to their websites to work out the optimum size for their needs (e.g. Klargesters Envireau products, available at www.klargester.com) and these are handy for making an initial estimate of how much they need to spend. It is best for the planners to go on to discuss this choice with experts in this area. Figure 4.2: Water balance for approximation of rainwater storage capacity The EA (2003) notes that the capacity needed will vary according to elements including rainfall patterns, catchment areas, demand patterns, retention time, cost of parts and the cost of and access to alternative supplies. The Development Technology Unit (2008) also states that the level of capacity needed will be based upon several elements, such as weather and rain data, roof surface area, RC and data regarding the number of consumers and the amount of water they use on average. It goes on to suggest several means of setting the size of system parts: Method 1 the demand-side approach (see Appendix A). Method 2 calculating the size of the tank based on elements such as storage capacity, overflow and drainage (the supply-side approach) (see Appendix A). Method 3 computer model (see Appendix A). The methods differ in terms of how sophisticated and how complex they are. Some of them can easily be undertaken by people without specialist knowledge, whereas some need specialists familiar with complicated software. The major elements contributing to the method selected include: the size and the complexity of the system and its parts the availability of the components that are necessary to operate using a specific method (e.g. computers) the required skills and technical knowledge/training among the practitioners/designers. Also, according to the EA (2008), tank size tends to be based upon either the capacity required for 18 days or a 5% share of the annual yield (whichever of the two is lower). This method will be combined with the supply-side method to determine the tank capacity for this project (see Appendix A). 1. Calculating the optimal tank size based upon the predicted rain yield: The EA (2003) formula for working out the best tank capacity for the rainfall harvest setup is as follows: Tank capacity (litres) = Roof area (m2) x drainage factor x filter efficiency x annual rainfall (mm) x 0.05 For the school Optimal tank capacity (litres) = (600* 0.75* 0.9* 573 mm*0.05) + (385*0.5* 0.9* 573 mm*0.05) = 16566.86 litres = 16.57 m3 For the hotel Optimal tank capacity (litres) = (1,200* 0.75* 0.9* 573 mm*0.05) = 23206.5 litres = 23.21 m3 2. Calculating the optimal tank capacity using the idea of holding 18days- worth of demand: Collection tank volume = days storage x average daily demand For the school The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Estimating water demands for the hotel and school section and the figures in Chapter 3 show that the overall quantity of water used to flush toilets, irrigate soil and clean is 612 m3 per annum for the school building. This exceeds the estimated annual rainfall harvest. This being the case, the RH tank will provide water for flushing toilet, with the tank storage for 18 days equalling: (268 m3/365 days)*(18 days) = 13.22 m3 For the hotel According to the figures in Chapter 3, the overall average water requirement at the hotel is 3000 m3. The quantity used to flush toilets, irrigate soil and clean amounts to roughly 53% of the hotels water requirement: roughly 1590 m2 per annum. This requirement cannot be covered in total by the RH alone. This being the case, the RH will be limited to cleaning and/or irrigating or to flushing toilets. Even within these limitations, there may not be sufficient rainwater for these tasks. Using the average daily requirement for toilet flushing: the tank storage = (3000 x 0.35) m3/365days x 18 = 51.79 m3 Using the average daily requirement for cleaning or irrigating: the tank storage = (3000 x (0.12 + 0.06)) m3/365days x 18 = 26.63 m3 Using the aforementioned EA (2003) data, a smaller size is optimal. This being the case, if the RH is used to flush toilets, the respective tank sizes for the hotel and the school are going to be 23 m3 and 14 m3. If the method of estimation used is the supply-side method (i.e. it is based upon capacity, overflow and drainage (see the tdix A)), the the optimal respective tank sizes for the hotel and the school will be 35 m3recomm3 m3 and 35 m3ing for these figures is represented bycalculations ad A-3 (seein Appendix A)The selection ultimately made may depend on a combination of these methods of calculation, as well as the price of the tankAfter this, th 4.2 Grey water recycling at the school and the hotel Metcalf and Eddy (1991) refer to two kinds of wastewater. These are grey and black wastewater. Black water has been flushed down toilets, passed through the drainage system and on to treatment plants. Black water is contaminated with more pollutants than grey water. Grey water accounts for all of the wastewater which has not been used to flush toilets (EA, 2003). It can be treated and then reused for flushing toilets or irrigating soil (Metcalf and Eddy, 1991). Both Waggett (2004) and the EA (2008) refer to grey water from washing machines, kitchen sinks and dishwashers as black wastewater, as it is heavily contaminated and can contain large amounts of grease and food particles. Figures 3.1 and 3.3 illustrate that the two buildings will produce grey water at the levels of 55% at the hotel and 32% at the school, 32% and al. (2007) nostate thatis typeg is treated usingrequires biologicalnt systems,by followed by sand filters andts, as the water is heavily contaminatedion because of the high levels treatmeused to flush toilets or irrigate soilThis treated water can be used for toilet flushing and grounwash basins were be colltic decreasing would occur. Collecteequires a physting oninfected sandsith disinfection and membranes suct et al, 2006). This treated watd to flushfor toilets flushing. Figure 4.3: Schematic of the grey water recycling system to be installed (Source: Birks et al., 2001) Grey water is of lower quality than harvested rainwater and always needs treatment before it is used; There areinotgenerally recognised official aegulations regarding grey waters standard of cleanliness before it can be reusedtoPidou et al., 2007) and individual nations decide upon their own minimum quality requirements. Fs it stands, the UK has no official regulations regarding wastewater usageUnfy wain ). Waggett (2004) nostates thahis lack of legislation is a limiting factor to grey and rainwater usage.one of the eyd rainf standards have been put forward by a number of organisations, complicating matters for those wishing to make use of these green solutionsThis makes a sufficient specificationt the subject have found that project planners should ideally set up The majority of the studies available conclude that it is best to operat level of of a health risk exists and what forms of water treatment they should make herefore, the level of treatment required. There are some highly d etailed research papdocor the water quality standards for non-potable water re and greywatergrey water) wn in Appendix B. For the project under consideration here, it would probably be best to gather and treat grey water for use in toilet flushingf Figures 3.2 and 3.3 display the grey water percentages from showers, baths and hand basins as being 28% for the hotel and 2% for the schools As the school produces relatively little grey water, it is probably best not to bother recycling it in the case of this building, for cost effectiveness purposesTrn the scrin it. He hotel pr a significant quantity of grey water, which will be worth reusing. According toTherefore, economically only the greywbe ey water is generallyeopriate technology for community buildings such as schools, libraries, places of worship and community centresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The health risks associated with This is because of the potential concerns wither, parthildren are likely to be presresponsible for this. cleanliness especially where children are exposed to the water and little greywatergrey watinn technology would no ve in the case ft According to Waggett (2004), non-potable (grey or RH) water can be utilised for sub-surface irrigation, as long as no spray mechanisms are involved. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Direct reuseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is another option in areas like laundries (e.g. reusing water from the final rinse for the next washs first rinse). This application may be included in the hotels design and implemented during construction, though many hotels outsource their clothes cleaning services. recycling shows the methodology for the design of the grey water recycling system. The hotels grey water will provide 80% of its total water requirement for flushing toilets (28% grey water compared to 35% needed for flushing), with potable water or rainwater automatically supplementing the produced rrecyclin collectio only at 2s insufficient tof theile (see Figure 4.1). recycling004) noteshows thatandit is possible wateh be used in one water setup, and while this increases the quantity of water collected from that which could be expected from a simple RH system, it creates a need for a larger tank to store all of the water and for a greater quantity of chemicals with which to treat the water, both of which will be costly for the projectand rainwater in the same watys 5.0 Discussion and quantification of options for water conservation at the development site Braithwaite (2006) posits that all developments that aim to be sustainable need to contribute positively to society, be sympathetic to their local environment and ensure that they are cost effective. These factors are referred to as the pillars of sustainable development (Hunt and Rogers, 2005). This part of the report evaluates the potential methods for decreasing the buildings water requirements in terms of their impact upon the aforementioned pillars of sustainable development. The cost effectiveness of the options If less water is required, then less money will be spent on sewage treatment and savings will also be made in terms of spending on water (Otterpohl, 2006). The savings on water will not necessarily be very large, as UK water prices are not high. The savings made by implementing the green technologies would need to be set against the cost of their implementation in order to work out how long it would take for them to financially justify the expenditure. The necessary predictions of expected usage would be difficult to make, particularly for the school building, which would have very low usage during holiday periods. In the case of the school, grey water would probably not be cost effective (as discussed earlier) and would probably need a very long time to make sufficient savings to cover is not co2003) estimate a 30% saving on water expenditure is needed to justify investment in the reuse of grey water and it is unlikely that this would be achieved at the schoolMoreover, at the se kitchen eyecyclis Grey water would, however, be cost effective in hotels; especially big hotels with en-suite accommodation, as customers would consume large quantities of water systems afihite bathrooms and powerful showers an expected part of modern hotels, water consumption is actually higher in the newer establishments, making recycling of non-potable water even more relevantUnlike the majoritutilise treated grey water for toilet flushing when it is busy and revert to its main supply when there are few customer, in order to avoid keeping the grey water in their tank for extended periods. This is common practice in countries with low rainfallrefore, greywatergrey water is The extra setup required to circulate the treated grey water around the hotel would need significant expenditure from those funding the project and this would have to be given serious thought before deciding whether it would pay off in the long term. Rain harvesting setups are fairly commonplace at UK schools, as the water is considered to be fairly clean and the running costs are not too. With a lot of water used for toilet flushing, there would be a need for a big tank at the school, which could lead to a big saving over. To carry out a similar harvesting operation, the hotel would require both a large harvesting area (on the roof) and sufficient room to keep the tank. This would probably not be workable for most hotels. Establishments with swimming pools might consider harvesting and treating water to use in their pool. Social costs The costs to society of these solutions would take the form of problems with their acceptability and/or their reliability (Hunt et al., 2006) (see Appendix C). Environmental costs Braithwaite (2006) views sustainability and environmental protection as being more or less the same thing, with an emphasis upon ensuring that the construction and the running of the buildings is not damaging to the local area going forward. To ensure this does not happen, evaluation of the likely negative externalities of the technologies put forward is needed. Water sustainability for the project might be measured in terms of factors such as impact on the climate, biological diversity and resource depletion. While all of these factors have an environmental aspect to them, climate effects can also create problems in economic terms as well as problems for society in general (Hunt et al., 2006). The recommended technologies need to be beneficial in terms of future sustainability, with emphasis placed on decreasing both the quantity of water that is wasted and the quantity that is obtained from the mains source. Integrated costs On most projects, planners would tend to opt for familiar solutions that are known to be effective over new ones which they might perceive as inherently risky and this might be a factor in the selection made here, particularly in the case of the school, given consideration of the involvement of children (Hunt et al., 2006). As well as the interests of the planners and developers, it is important perhaps most important to give consideration to how the solutions would impact upon the people ultimately using the facilities being discussed. With no official standards for the condition required of non-potable water before it can be used, careful planning is needed to make certain that no errors are made that could potentially cause harm to customers or students. Hotels often take the precaution of labelling water sources such as sinks that provide non-potable water. Another precaution, which might be made use of at the school, would be to use quality gpes (EA, 2008). Prior to selecting one of the options, the projects planners should assess how efficient they are by looking into both how secure and how durable their supply of water will be (Hunt et al., 2006). With the rainfall system being wholly reliant upon the weather, this is quite an insecure option, as unexpectedly dry weather will significantly harm the effectiveness of the solution. This might put off the planners, particularly in the case of the hotel, with grey water reuse preferred due to its greater regularity of supply, regardless of the changing seasons, climate or weather patterns recyclingal., 2006). Therefore 6.0 Conclusions and recommendations The report posits an approach to setting up a sustainable system for managing water at a brownfield development site where a hotel and a school are being constructed. The buildings water requirements are approximated from information provided from the exercise paper and CIRIA report no. C657. The report also considers two alternatives for green technologies to help ensure that the buildings have a sustainable water supply, namely the harvesting of rainfall and the reuse of grey water from the buildings recyclinglutions would both provide non-potable water, with the rainwater of a higher standard than the grey water, which would require treatment before it could be reintroduced to the water system, even for uses not involving human ingestion supplied from thes or regulations regarding RH or grey water quality in the United Kingdom, it would be best to utilise the water for functions such as sub-surface irrigation or flushingAs there are not agreed wateould provide sufficient water to fully supply these functions, but could still significantly supplement the water provided by the mains supplyIn addition, that all these uses can not be fully coven to analyse poteo, there iscription in order to identify the methods of qurnservation at the school and the hotel, ultimately recommending that. water produced by grey water treatment and RH should be utilised for toilet flushing, so as to make savings on water costs and sewage fees. the RH setup is better suited to the school in terms of sustainability, cost effectiveness and viability than the grey water reuse setup and should be implemented at the school with no grey water treatment operation introduced. grey water and RH setups should be implemented for the hotel, either in a combined system or separately, so as to make savings and improve the hotels water sustainability by supplying the establishments toilet flushing function. water costs and sewage fees are fairly cheap, whereas the costs of implementing either of the suggested green solutions are significantly higher, meaning that these technologies are not commonplace in the UK recyclingthe current situation, population growth and environmental changes are likely to create greater water scarcity and make these approaches to the provision of non-potable water far more common, with governments legislating in their support. However, the growi there is a need for the EA, the government or another relevant organisation to set up official regulations for non-potable water quality in the UK. Development of Sustainable Water Management System Development of Sustainable Water Management System 1.0 Introduction A regeneration project close to Bedford will see the construction of a hotel and a school, with both intended to be sustainable. Hunt et al. (2006) judge a developments sustainability based upon its impact upon the local environment, its cost effectiveness, both during and after construction, and also its impact upon society. These factors tend to relate, to varying degrees on different projects, to how sustainable the developments water usage is. Taking this into account, those designing and building the school and the hotel have put considerable time and effort into ensuring that the projects water management setup is from the very top of the line. The following report focuses on the design and implementation of the regeneration projects water management system, calculating the respective quantities of water required for the school and for the hospital to run effectively and evaluating the alternative green solutions available to ensure efficient use of water in the two buildings. Among the green technologies looked at, consideration will be given to collection, storage and usage of rainwater to supplement the water supply sourced from utilities companies. Recycled grey water will also be discussed as a possible means of saving water. Lastly, the report will look into methods of conserving water, explaining how they would be implemented and how effective they would be if utilised on this particular project. 2.0 Description of the Regeneration Project The school that is being constructed will be co-ed and will enrol up to 150 students, catering to children between the ages of six and twelve years old. The school will have a staff of sixteen: eight on full-time contracts, two providing maintenance services and the rest working on a part-time basis. The hotel that is being built will consist of fifty double-rooms and will take on four members of staff on a full-time basis. The schools roof will be made from pitched tiles, taking up approximately 385 m ­2, and approximately 600 m2 of smooth surface. The hotels roof will also be made from pitched tiles, but with no smooth surface. It will take up approximately 1,200 m2. 3.0 Estimating water requirements for the school and the hotel In order to come up with a water strategy, the water requirements of the two buildings must first be approximated. Bradford (2007) notes that for different kinds of end users, there are a variety of purposes that water can be used for, giving the example of the dissimilarity in the water usage patterns of domestic users compared with agricultural users. 3.1 Water requirements for the school The figures in Table 3.1 calculate the schools overall water consumption as being at 720 m3/year. Figure 3.1 breaks down the schools water consumption categorically, displaying the main uses to which water is put in terms of quantity. Flushing toilets takes up the largest proportion (36%) of water consumption (see Figure 3.1). 3.2 Water requirements for the hotel Hunt et al. (2006) note that there is great variation in the use of water at hotels. What consumption patterns there are tend to relate to water usage by the hotels guests, the presence or absence of a hotel swimming pool and the hotels star rating. As there is insufficient data regarding the hotels star rating and water consumption, a water usage estimate of 30 m3/bed space/year is made, as this is displayed in Table 3.2 (Waggett and Arotsky, 2006) to be the typical consumption in hotels without a rating that do not have swimming pools. With the average requirement of water estimated at 30 m3/bed space/year and with a total of fifty double-rooms, total demand can be approximated to be = 30*50*2 = 3000 m3. Hotels use their water supply for bathing, flushing toilets, drinking, cooking, cleaning and gardening. With no data available which can be used to break down water usage into its constituent elements, this is estimated using average UK domestic use (see Figure 3.2) and modified UK hotel use, based on single occupants (see Figure 3.2). 4.0 Non-potable water supply options for the school and the hotel Hastings (2006) differentiates between water that is fit for drinking, known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"potable water, and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"non-potable water which, while it is not fit for ingestion, may still be utilised to flush toilets, for cleaning vehicles, buildings or clothes (in washing machines) or to irrigate land. While all non-potable water fails to meet the minimum required standards for drinking water, Hastings makes a further distinction between treated non-potable water, known as green water, and untreated non-potable water, referred to as grey water. 4.1 Rainwater harvesting (RH) The EA (2003) notes that rainwater collection may occur by gathering the water from roofs or from hard surfaces such as roads using down pipes (see Figure A-1 in the Appendix). The rainwater gathered can be utilised for any number of non-potable water uses. An approximation will be made here of the expected rainwater harvest from the two buildings being constructed. The rainwater harvests quality varies with elements from outside, like the amount of leaves or bird droppings contaminating the harvest. The impact of these elements can be lessened with the use of a protective filter to cover the rainwater outlet (Cornwall Energy Efficiency Advice Centre, 2007). The EA (2003) also notes that rainwater is of a good enough standard to not need treatment after it has been collected, before it can be used. The gathered water will be kept in an over-ground plastic tank, with its placement selected so as to minimise bacteria growth in hot weather, while also minimising frost when the weather is cold. Line filters will also be put in place. With the right choice of filter and of placement, bad smells and water discolouration can be lessened. 4.1.1 Determination of the quantity of gatherable rainwater for the hotel and The school Accurately calculating the best quantity of gatherable rainwater for the two buildings calls for a plan of the roofs catchment areas and also for rainfall data relating to the local area (see Figure 4.1) (covering the previous 20 years) It is not possible to gather all of the rain that falls on the buildings and transfer it to the plastic container in its entirety. Usually, rainfall harvests lose something in the region of 10%-60% of the water, varying with the kind of roof in question, the drainage coefficient of the material it has been made from (see Table 1) and the filter efficiency: always à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“0.9à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. It is also possible to lose rainwater if the container it collects in overflows due to heavy rainfall or low water usage (ibid, 2003). Table 4.1: Drainage coefficient for different roof types Roof type Runoff coefficient Pitched roof tiles 0.75 0.9 Flat roof with smooth tiles 0.5 Flat roof with gravel layer 0.4 0.5 (Source: EA, 2003) Based on the aforementioned data, it is possible to work out the potential rainfall harvest in a particular location by inputting the data into this formula (EA, 2008): Q = AAR x TCA x RC x FC where Q = Annual Gatherable Rainfall (litres) AAR = Annual Average Rainfall (mm/yr) TCA = Total Catchment Area (m2) RC = Runoff Coefficient FC = Filter Coefficient 1. For the school As, logically, a larger roof will allow for the collection of a greater quantity of rainwater, it is important to be aware of the roof area. The roof surface areas and their construction materials are: Pitched roof tiles 600 m2 Flat roof (smooth surface) 385 m2 According to Table 4.1, the minimum possible RC for pitched roof tiles is 0.75, while the RC for smooth surface roofs is 0.5 AAR = Annual Average Rainfall (mm/yr) =à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Average Rainfall (mm) for the 12 Month period illustrated by Figure 4.1 = 573mm The Annual Collectable Rainfall (litres), Q = ((600 m2 X (573 mm) X 0.75) + (385 m2 X (573 mm) X 0.5)) X 0.9 = 331,337.25 litres per annum. = 331.34 m3 per annum. This is a lower value than that of the predicted total annual water demand for the school. 2. For the hotel The hotels roof area is 1,200 m2, entirely made from pitched roof tiles. Q = 1,200 X 573 X 0.75 X 0.9 = 464,130 litres per annum = 464.13 m3per annum. This value also falls below predicted annual water demand for the hotel. Table A-1 (see Appendix A) approximates the monthly rainfall harvest for the two buildings, using the aforementioned equation and using the RC of pitched roof tiles. The figures for the predicted rainfall harvest and the predicted water requirements point to a shortfall in the ability of the rainwater to fulfil the projects water requirements. However, the rainwater may still play a significant role, perhaps covering the two buildings toilet flushing needs, for instance. 4.1.2 Sizing the storage tank in the RH system for the two buildings The EA (2003) notes that the storage tanks purchase price is the most expensive element of setting up the RH system and so deciding upon the right size for it is very important. The biggest tank will not necessarily be the most efficient in the long run and so it is important to work out the optimal size, so that the buildings can harvest sufficient rainwater without overspending. The quantity of water that is kept in the tank should ideally approach the quantity that is required to service the two buildings. The choice of tank must account for price, size and a minimum of two water overflows each year, in order to get rid of unwanted objects in the tank-water. The project planners may also want to invest in a first flush device (Well, 2003) to ensure that the initial water flow, which will contain debris that has collected on the roof, does not enter the tank, keeping its contents relatively clean. The makers and retailers of the rainfall harvest setup will have means of determining the best tank size for the project. In fact, some of them have applications available for visitors to their websites to work out the optimum size for their needs (e.g. Klargesters Envireau products, available at www.klargester.com) and these are handy for making an initial estimate of how much they need to spend. It is best for the planners to go on to discuss this choice with experts in this area. Figure 4.2: Water balance for approximation of rainwater storage capacity The EA (2003) notes that the capacity needed will vary according to elements including rainfall patterns, catchment areas, demand patterns, retention time, cost of parts and the cost of and access to alternative supplies. The Development Technology Unit (2008) also states that the level of capacity needed will be based upon several elements, such as weather and rain data, roof surface area, RC and data regarding the number of consumers and the amount of water they use on average. It goes on to suggest several means of setting the size of system parts: Method 1 the demand-side approach (see Appendix A). Method 2 calculating the size of the tank based on elements such as storage capacity, overflow and drainage (the supply-side approach) (see Appendix A). Method 3 computer model (see Appendix A). The methods differ in terms of how sophisticated and how complex they are. Some of them can easily be undertaken by people without specialist knowledge, whereas some need specialists familiar with complicated software. The major elements contributing to the method selected include: the size and the complexity of the system and its parts the availability of the components that are necessary to operate using a specific method (e.g. computers) the required skills and technical knowledge/training among the practitioners/designers. Also, according to the EA (2008), tank size tends to be based upon either the capacity required for 18 days or a 5% share of the annual yield (whichever of the two is lower). This method will be combined with the supply-side method to determine the tank capacity for this project (see Appendix A). 1. Calculating the optimal tank size based upon the predicted rain yield: The EA (2003) formula for working out the best tank capacity for the rainfall harvest setup is as follows: Tank capacity (litres) = Roof area (m2) x drainage factor x filter efficiency x annual rainfall (mm) x 0.05 For the school Optimal tank capacity (litres) = (600* 0.75* 0.9* 573 mm*0.05) + (385*0.5* 0.9* 573 mm*0.05) = 16566.86 litres = 16.57 m3 For the hotel Optimal tank capacity (litres) = (1,200* 0.75* 0.9* 573 mm*0.05) = 23206.5 litres = 23.21 m3 2. Calculating the optimal tank capacity using the idea of holding 18days- worth of demand: Collection tank volume = days storage x average daily demand For the school The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Estimating water demands for the hotel and school section and the figures in Chapter 3 show that the overall quantity of water used to flush toilets, irrigate soil and clean is 612 m3 per annum for the school building. This exceeds the estimated annual rainfall harvest. This being the case, the RH tank will provide water for flushing toilet, with the tank storage for 18 days equalling: (268 m3/365 days)*(18 days) = 13.22 m3 For the hotel According to the figures in Chapter 3, the overall average water requirement at the hotel is 3000 m3. The quantity used to flush toilets, irrigate soil and clean amounts to roughly 53% of the hotels water requirement: roughly 1590 m2 per annum. This requirement cannot be covered in total by the RH alone. This being the case, the RH will be limited to cleaning and/or irrigating or to flushing toilets. Even within these limitations, there may not be sufficient rainwater for these tasks. Using the average daily requirement for toilet flushing: the tank storage = (3000 x 0.35) m3/365days x 18 = 51.79 m3 Using the average daily requirement for cleaning or irrigating: the tank storage = (3000 x (0.12 + 0.06)) m3/365days x 18 = 26.63 m3 Using the aforementioned EA (2003) data, a smaller size is optimal. This being the case, if the RH is used to flush toilets, the respective tank sizes for the hotel and the school are going to be 23 m3 and 14 m3. If the method of estimation used is the supply-side method (i.e. it is based upon capacity, overflow and drainage (see the tdix A)), the the optimal respective tank sizes for the hotel and the school will be 35 m3recomm3 m3 and 35 m3ing for these figures is represented bycalculations ad A-3 (seein Appendix A)The selection ultimately made may depend on a combination of these methods of calculation, as well as the price of the tankAfter this, th 4.2 Grey water recycling at the school and the hotel Metcalf and Eddy (1991) refer to two kinds of wastewater. These are grey and black wastewater. Black water has been flushed down toilets, passed through the drainage system and on to treatment plants. Black water is contaminated with more pollutants than grey water. Grey water accounts for all of the wastewater which has not been used to flush toilets (EA, 2003). It can be treated and then reused for flushing toilets or irrigating soil (Metcalf and Eddy, 1991). Both Waggett (2004) and the EA (2008) refer to grey water from washing machines, kitchen sinks and dishwashers as black wastewater, as it is heavily contaminated and can contain large amounts of grease and food particles. Figures 3.1 and 3.3 illustrate that the two buildings will produce grey water at the levels of 55% at the hotel and 32% at the school, 32% and al. (2007) nostate thatis typeg is treated usingrequires biologicalnt systems,by followed by sand filters andts, as the water is heavily contaminatedion because of the high levels treatmeused to flush toilets or irrigate soilThis treated water can be used for toilet flushing and grounwash basins were be colltic decreasing would occur. Collecteequires a physting oninfected sandsith disinfection and membranes suct et al, 2006). This treated watd to flushfor toilets flushing. Figure 4.3: Schematic of the grey water recycling system to be installed (Source: Birks et al., 2001) Grey water is of lower quality than harvested rainwater and always needs treatment before it is used; There areinotgenerally recognised official aegulations regarding grey waters standard of cleanliness before it can be reusedtoPidou et al., 2007) and individual nations decide upon their own minimum quality requirements. Fs it stands, the UK has no official regulations regarding wastewater usageUnfy wain ). Waggett (2004) nostates thahis lack of legislation is a limiting factor to grey and rainwater usage.one of the eyd rainf standards have been put forward by a number of organisations, complicating matters for those wishing to make use of these green solutionsThis makes a sufficient specificationt the subject have found that project planners should ideally set up The majority of the studies available conclude that it is best to operat level of of a health risk exists and what forms of water treatment they should make herefore, the level of treatment required. There are some highly d etailed research papdocor the water quality standards for non-potable water re and greywatergrey water) wn in Appendix B. For the project under consideration here, it would probably be best to gather and treat grey water for use in toilet flushingf Figures 3.2 and 3.3 display the grey water percentages from showers, baths and hand basins as being 28% for the hotel and 2% for the schools As the school produces relatively little grey water, it is probably best not to bother recycling it in the case of this building, for cost effectiveness purposesTrn the scrin it. He hotel pr a significant quantity of grey water, which will be worth reusing. According toTherefore, economically only the greywbe ey water is generallyeopriate technology for community buildings such as schools, libraries, places of worship and community centresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The health risks associated with This is because of the potential concerns wither, parthildren are likely to be presresponsible for this. cleanliness especially where children are exposed to the water and little greywatergrey watinn technology would no ve in the case ft According to Waggett (2004), non-potable (grey or RH) water can be utilised for sub-surface irrigation, as long as no spray mechanisms are involved. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Direct reuseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is another option in areas like laundries (e.g. reusing water from the final rinse for the next washs first rinse). This application may be included in the hotels design and implemented during construction, though many hotels outsource their clothes cleaning services. recycling shows the methodology for the design of the grey water recycling system. The hotels grey water will provide 80% of its total water requirement for flushing toilets (28% grey water compared to 35% needed for flushing), with potable water or rainwater automatically supplementing the produced rrecyclin collectio only at 2s insufficient tof theile (see Figure 4.1). recycling004) noteshows thatandit is possible wateh be used in one water setup, and while this increases the quantity of water collected from that which could be expected from a simple RH system, it creates a need for a larger tank to store all of the water and for a greater quantity of chemicals with which to treat the water, both of which will be costly for the projectand rainwater in the same watys 5.0 Discussion and quantification of options for water conservation at the development site Braithwaite (2006) posits that all developments that aim to be sustainable need to contribute positively to society, be sympathetic to their local environment and ensure that they are cost effective. These factors are referred to as the pillars of sustainable development (Hunt and Rogers, 2005). This part of the report evaluates the potential methods for decreasing the buildings water requirements in terms of their impact upon the aforementioned pillars of sustainable development. The cost effectiveness of the options If less water is required, then less money will be spent on sewage treatment and savings will also be made in terms of spending on water (Otterpohl, 2006). The savings on water will not necessarily be very large, as UK water prices are not high. The savings made by implementing the green technologies would need to be set against the cost of their implementation in order to work out how long it would take for them to financially justify the expenditure. The necessary predictions of expected usage would be difficult to make, particularly for the school building, which would have very low usage during holiday periods. In the case of the school, grey water would probably not be cost effective (as discussed earlier) and would probably need a very long time to make sufficient savings to cover is not co2003) estimate a 30% saving on water expenditure is needed to justify investment in the reuse of grey water and it is unlikely that this would be achieved at the schoolMoreover, at the se kitchen eyecyclis Grey water would, however, be cost effective in hotels; especially big hotels with en-suite accommodation, as customers would consume large quantities of water systems afihite bathrooms and powerful showers an expected part of modern hotels, water consumption is actually higher in the newer establishments, making recycling of non-potable water even more relevantUnlike the majoritutilise treated grey water for toilet flushing when it is busy and revert to its main supply when there are few customer, in order to avoid keeping the grey water in their tank for extended periods. This is common practice in countries with low rainfallrefore, greywatergrey water is The extra setup required to circulate the treated grey water around the hotel would need significant expenditure from those funding the project and this would have to be given serious thought before deciding whether it would pay off in the long term. Rain harvesting setups are fairly commonplace at UK schools, as the water is considered to be fairly clean and the running costs are not too. With a lot of water used for toilet flushing, there would be a need for a big tank at the school, which could lead to a big saving over. To carry out a similar harvesting operation, the hotel would require both a large harvesting area (on the roof) and sufficient room to keep the tank. This would probably not be workable for most hotels. Establishments with swimming pools might consider harvesting and treating water to use in their pool. Social costs The costs to society of these solutions would take the form of problems with their acceptability and/or their reliability (Hunt et al., 2006) (see Appendix C). Environmental costs Braithwaite (2006) views sustainability and environmental protection as being more or less the same thing, with an emphasis upon ensuring that the construction and the running of the buildings is not damaging to the local area going forward. To ensure this does not happen, evaluation of the likely negative externalities of the technologies put forward is needed. Water sustainability for the project might be measured in terms of factors such as impact on the climate, biological diversity and resource depletion. While all of these factors have an environmental aspect to them, climate effects can also create problems in economic terms as well as problems for society in general (Hunt et al., 2006). The recommended technologies need to be beneficial in terms of future sustainability, with emphasis placed on decreasing both the quantity of water that is wasted and the quantity that is obtained from the mains source. Integrated costs On most projects, planners would tend to opt for familiar solutions that are known to be effective over new ones which they might perceive as inherently risky and this might be a factor in the selection made here, particularly in the case of the school, given consideration of the involvement of children (Hunt et al., 2006). As well as the interests of the planners and developers, it is important perhaps most important to give consideration to how the solutions would impact upon the people ultimately using the facilities being discussed. With no official standards for the condition required of non-potable water before it can be used, careful planning is needed to make certain that no errors are made that could potentially cause harm to customers or students. Hotels often take the precaution of labelling water sources such as sinks that provide non-potable water. Another precaution, which might be made use of at the school, would be to use quality gpes (EA, 2008). Prior to selecting one of the options, the projects planners should assess how efficient they are by looking into both how secure and how durable their supply of water will be (Hunt et al., 2006). With the rainfall system being wholly reliant upon the weather, this is quite an insecure option, as unexpectedly dry weather will significantly harm the effectiveness of the solution. This might put off the planners, particularly in the case of the hotel, with grey water reuse preferred due to its greater regularity of supply, regardless of the changing seasons, climate or weather patterns recyclingal., 2006). Therefore 6.0 Conclusions and recommendations The report posits an approach to setting up a sustainable system for managing water at a brownfield development site where a hotel and a school are being constructed. The buildings water requirements are approximated from information provided from the exercise paper and CIRIA report no. C657. The report also considers two alternatives for green technologies to help ensure that the buildings have a sustainable water supply, namely the harvesting of rainfall and the reuse of grey water from the buildings recyclinglutions would both provide non-potable water, with the rainwater of a higher standard than the grey water, which would require treatment before it could be reintroduced to the water system, even for uses not involving human ingestion supplied from thes or regulations regarding RH or grey water quality in the United Kingdom, it would be best to utilise the water for functions such as sub-surface irrigation or flushingAs there are not agreed wateould provide sufficient water to fully supply these functions, but could still significantly supplement the water provided by the mains supplyIn addition, that all these uses can not be fully coven to analyse poteo, there iscription in order to identify the methods of qurnservation at the school and the hotel, ultimately recommending that. water produced by grey water treatment and RH should be utilised for toilet flushing, so as to make savings on water costs and sewage fees. the RH setup is better suited to the school in terms of sustainability, cost effectiveness and viability than the grey water reuse setup and should be implemented at the school with no grey water treatment operation introduced. grey water and RH setups should be implemented for the hotel, either in a combined system or separately, so as to make savings and improve the hotels water sustainability by supplying the establishments toilet flushing function. water costs and sewage fees are fairly cheap, whereas the costs of implementing either of the suggested green solutions are significantly higher, meaning that these technologies are not commonplace in the UK recyclingthe current situation, population growth and environmental changes are likely to create greater water scarcity and make these approaches to the provision of non-potable water far more common, with governments legislating in their support. However, the growi there is a need for the EA, the government or another relevant organisation to set up official regulations for non-potable water quality in the UK.