Friday, December 27, 2019

Neorealism War Avoided in Thirteen Days - 1529 Words

The film Thirteen Days chronicles the clash between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Told from the perspective of American Kenny O’Donnell, the movie depicts the discovery of missiles in Cuba, followed by deliberations on an appropriate response and the United States’ decision to enact a blockade. Though relations between the United States and the Soviet Union were precarious for a time during the film, eventual negotiations between the two succeeded in averting war. Events in this film can be regarded as examples of international relations (IR), and subsequently, IR theories can be applied to the movie. One such theory is that of neorealism. The â€Å"progeny of realism,† neorealism takes many of its traits from its predecessor. Much like realism, neorealism places states at the forefront of international relations as the main actors. Neorealism also acts on the premise that the â€Å"international realm is disting uished by the lack of a central authority† and strengthens this assumption, believing in â€Å"the importance of the structure of the international system and its role as the primary determinant of state behaviour.† To neorealism, anarchy is what the system is, not a condition of it. Another main principle of neorealism is that of self-help, a â€Å"principle of action in an anarchical system where there is no global government.† Self help is the idea that one must look after itself for there is no higher authority to give aid.

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Harlem a Dream Deferred - 1043 Words

Harlem: A Dream Deferred Langston Hughes Literally Analysis Dreams are aspirations that we hope to reach on our lifetime. They are the day that gives us the drive to live our lives and accomplish our goals. When reaching our goals, we will do anything to get to our destination. But what happens when your dreams deferred and put on hold due to unseen circumstances? Or what do you so when someone tells you that you can not so the things you want to so because of the pigmentation of your skin? Langton Hughes â€Å"Harlem: A Dream Deferred† expresses that hardship and African Americans had to go through during the early 20th century. â€Å"A Dream Deferred† comes from a collection of poems â€Å"A Montage of a Dream Deferred† written in 1932 during†¦show more content†¦The dream can be a heavy burden that one carries upon its shoulder. The person can regret not fulfilling the dream by maybe think â€Å"what if...† or â€Å"what might have been†. With thoughts like these, it can mess with your mind mentally and can cause depression. Although the last stanza goes back into question form, he does not use a simile, he uses a metaphor saying â€Å"or does it explode†. He does not state specifically what explodes. When a bomb explodes, it causes destruction. When trying to fulfill a dream, you explore and use all the possible outcomes to fulfill it. When you don’t reach that goal, feel some type of anger that can make you loose hope of your dream or in this case â€Å"explode† Langston Hughes is named one of the greatest writers in the African American community. With that being said, the poem â€Å"Harlem: A Dream Deferred† has touched on the African American perspective on which the trials and tribulations that they had to go through. Although this poem is about dreams being deferred, there are lot ore poems that Langston Hughes wrote about dreams becoming true. Even though it was a little cloudy for African Americans, Langston Hughes still kept the hope that yes, someday, that history will change. Without him and other African American poets who have paved the way for the next generation and generations to come, America could have been left the same. With the changes of socialShow MoreRelatedHarlem A Dream Deferred Analysis762 Words   |  4 Pagesbecomes their dream, but people do not always fulfill these dreams. There are obstacles that come in the way of people being able to fulfill their dreams. In â€Å"Harlem [A Dream Deferred]† Lan gston Hughes uses imagery and rhetorical questions in order to demonstrate what happens to a dream. The theme that appears through Langston Hughes poem is the theme of not pursuing a dream. Through Hughes poem, this theme is demonstrated and the imagery helps in conveying the idea of having a dream postponed. Read MoreExplication Of Harlem s Dream Deferred912 Words   |  4 PagesExplication of â€Å"Harlem [Dream Deferred]† â€Å"Harlem [Dream Deferred]† by Langston Hughes may seem like an insignificant poem at first glance. It contains only 11 lines and the diction is simple enough, but it is much more profound upon further exploration and understanding. Hughes applies the theme of frustration and use of metaphor, simile, and imagery to express the important issues of this time. The community of Harlem was primarily black, and this poem articulates the struggle of these people duringRead More A Comparison of the Dream Deferred in A Raisin in the Sun and Harlem1407 Words   |  6 PagesA Dream Deferred in A Raisin in the Sun and Harlem In Lorraine Hansberrys play A Raisin in the Sun, the author reveals a hard-working, honest African-American family struggling to make their dreams come true. Langston Hughes poem, Harlem, illustrates what could happen if those dreams never came to fruition. Together, both Hansberry and Hughes show the effects on human beings when a long-awaited dream is thwarted by economic and social hardships. Each of the characters in A RaisinRead More Power of Langston Hughes Harlem (A Dream Deferred) Essay674 Words   |  3 PagesPower of Langston Hughes Harlem (A Dream Deferred) In our journey through life, we all have certain expectations of how we would like our lives to be. All of us strive to reach a certain level of self-actulization and acceptance. It could thus be said that all of us live a dream. Some of these individual dreams inevitably become the collective dream of many people. In Harlem (A Dream Deferred), Langston Hughes makes use of symbolism as well as powerful sensory imagery to show us the emotionsRead MoreAnalysis of Harlem (A Dream Deferred) and A Raisin in the Sun855 Words   |  4 PagesIn Langston Hughes’ poem, the author gives us vivid examples of how dreams get lost in the weariness of everyday life. The author uses words like dry, fester, rot, and stink, to give us a picture of how something that was originally intended for good, could end up in defeat. Throughout the play, I was able to feel how each character seemed to have their dreams that fell apart as the story went on. I believe the central theme of the play has ev erything to do with the pain each character goes thruRead More Dreams of Blacks Deferred in the Poetry of Langston Hughes Essay1711 Words   |  7 PagesDreams of Blacks Deferred in the Poetry of Langston Hughes    The poetry of Langston Hughes, the poet laureate of Harlem, is an effective commentary on the condition of blacks in America during the 20th Century. Hughes places particular emphasis on Harlem, a black area in New York that became a destination of many hopeful blacks in the first half of the 1900s. In much of Hughes poetry, a theme that runs throughout is that of a dream deferred. The recurrence of a dream deferred in severalRead MoreA Dream Deferred - the Poetry of Langston Hughes1647 Words   |  7 Pageslaureate of Harlem, is an effective commentary on the condition of blacks in America during the 20th Century. Hughes places particular emphasis on Harlem, a black area in New York that became a destination of many hopeful blacks in the first half of the 1900à ­s. In much of Hughes poetry, a theme that runs throughout is that of a dream deferred. The recurrence of adream deferred in several Hughes poems paints a clear picture of the disappointment and dismay that blacks in Americ a faced in Harlem. FurthermoreRead MoreLiterary Analysis of Langston Hughess A Dream Deferred1028 Words   |  4 Pagesand A Dream Deferred, is no exception. In Langston Hughess poem, A Dream Deferred, the theme is that no really knows to dreams if they are not reached, and very realistic figures of speech help convey this idea; the poem can be surprisingly related to Mr. Hughess life through the subtitle and quotes from Langston himself. The meaning of, A Dream Deferred, is that no one really knows what happens to dreams that are not fulfilled. The poem starts with the line, What happens to a dream deferredRead More Harlem, An Analysis of a Langston Hughes Poem Essay1405 Words   |  6 PagesHarlem, An Analysis of a Langston Hughes Poem The short but inspirational poem Harlem by Langston Hughes addresses what happens to aspirations that are postponed or lost. The brief, mind provoking questions posed throughout the poem allow the readers to reflect--on the effects of delaying our dreams. In addition, the questions give indications about Hughes views on deferred dreams. Harlem is an open form poem. The poem consists of three stanzas that do not have a regularRead MoreThe New Negro Summary Essay1412 Words   |  6 Pageslike a spiritual emancipation. Many African Americans moved to Harlem, a neighborhood located in Manhattan. Back in the day Harlem became the world’s largest black community; also home to a diverse mix of cultures. Having extraordinary outbreak of inspired movement revealed their unique culture and encouraged them to discover their heritage; and becoming the New Negro,† Also known as â€Å"New Negro Movement,† it was later named the Harlem Renaissance. Realizing that America was not yet the racial equal

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Morality and Iraq War 2003

Question: Describe about the Report for Morality and Iraq War 2003. Answer: Introduction The great concern has been spread over the discussion of morality and the death of Iraqis, by the US invasion in the year 2003. The scholars have used various methods to analyze the death rate and destruction in Iraq. The scholars have used the data provided by the Ministry of Health, media reports and morality tallies. The best known data is about the Iraqi Body Count,, which stated that till year 2006 43491 and 48283 Iraqis were killed. The action of Iraq invasion has been criticized by many people all over the world. It is because this action leads to massive destruction and death of many innocent people. Just to kill some of the wrong people, the aggressive action could not justify the reason. This paper will analyze the just war theory to discuss the action taken by US was not morally justified. It is believed that action taken by US was not necessary; also the paper will explain the democralization could not be a justified reason for aggression, either from the ethical perspect ive, or from the legal point of view. This war has been very crucial, because it had a very low level of support from the public and also lead to the failure of the American military and other coalition. Thus, testing the morality of the Iraq war is very significant. Iraq War and Morality The Iraq war in the year 2003 has given rise to the plethora of the analysis in many fields. The analysis of the war is done in the disciplines of media, social science, international relations, international laws, political science etc. One of the major issues associated with the war is the issue of morality. Many scholars and thinkers are adamant about analyzing the effect of war because of the consequences it created. The effect of the war has forced people to think about the unipolar system in terms of the international relations. It is also believed and discussed that power of USA was overestimated before the initiation of the war. The discussion over morality of the war was initiated by the journal of Ethics and International Affairs. This journal raised the discussion about morality in the war against Iraq. Anti? (2009) states that, the name of the tradition just war is rather unfortunate due to the massiveness of the issue. What is really being addressed is the moral justifia bility of the use of force. Also it is not really a theory of just war. It provides more of a moral calculus for the determination of the moral justifiability of the force, than a theory of war (p 121). One of the recurrent and permanent realities about the existence of the humans is war. According to the earliest records from the history of humankind, humans have been found to be engaged in the armed conflicts, and have considered war as the main method of the conflict resolution. However the perpetrators of the war seem to be effectively analyzing the armed violence, due to the fact that there is no justified reason of violent actions. The Iraqi war was a major operation to attain Iraq freedom. UK and US forces invaded Iraq and had gained control over most of the Iraq in very few days. The forces had gained the rapid conventional military victory, but he guerrilla war was continued over the US and UK army troops. The number of deaths was estimated to increase till the time these wars were continued. The case of morality is major issue to be discussed, because 30% of the people killed in the war were civilians (Gordon, 2003, 1117). The discussion of the morality of the Iraq war is also discussed because of the ethical questions it raises. The mass destruction in Iraq has been very massive and also proved to be wrong. The morality had to be justified because of the reason that number of terrorist has not been decreased since the massive destruction. Also, American troops had been killed in large number and many of them had been lost. The most basic ethical value that has been discussed is due to the barbarous and systematic abuse of the Iraqi detaniees. The people in many of the cities had suffered allot, also nationwide insurgency was portended by Shiites and Sunnies (Tapp et al, 2008). They had stand against the presence of US army in Iraq. Thus, there was not only a war that America was fighting against the terrorists, but also an internal war, in which people had been involved to gain their freedom from US invasion. The morality of the War is major issue not only the high death rate, but also due to the tort ure that Iraqi prisoners had to face. Even after all this destruction and torture half of the Americans believed that war was morally correct. The repressive and most aggressive actions of US army against Iraqis are the major moral challenge over their action (Powers, 2003). In order to end the Saddam Husseins regime, the US invasion was decided. However, it can be argued that does the capture of Saddam Hussein have changed the life of Iraqi people? Just War Theory The theory of just war was found to be coined in the works of St. Augustine. The most important criteria about any war are that the war had been occurred for the justified purpose or for the selfish purposes. According to Chambers (2004), The United Nations Charter also has contributed to just war theory by recognizing the intrinsic right of each sovereign nation to self-defense (Chambers, 2004, 3). Outlawing the use of the military power in order to resolve the conflicts, or more appropriately the international conflict is the decision of the UN charter. According to UN charter, every nation has the equal rights to defend themselves from the attack of the other forces. Elshtain (1992), explains it as which is by the very nature unlawful (p. 205). Thus, it is unlawful to invade a nation and creating massive destruction to eliminate few terrorists. Just war theory also deals with the the legitimacy of killing noncombatants, the treatment of prisoners, the use of poisons, appropriation of property, and the use of especially terrible weapons (Elshtain, 1992, 203). Another purpose of this theory is to govern the alternatives of the war at the first place and justify the conditions under which the war has been done. The just war theory is based on six main conditions. The first condition is that the reason of the war must be justified, second is that the right authority must make the decision to go for the war, third is that the people going for war must have the right intentions, fourth is that the war must be undertaken only as the last alternative, fifth is that the aim of the war must be to restore emergent peace and the last condition is that war must be proportionate (Chambers, 2004). According to the first condition of the Just war theory, the reason of the war must be just. According to the scholars the most justified reason is to undertake in response of the aggression. Thus, the question is that US invasion in Iraq was undertaken as the response towards Iraqs aggression? The justified reason towards the war, as presented by President Bush, was that the aggressive behavior of Iraq was twofold (Tapp et al, 2008). The first was that Iraq had produced the concealed weapons, which could have been used to harm American people or other innocent people of the world. The justified reason was that people in America were terrified and were the victim of the Iraqi aggression, as Saddam Hussein could have done mass destruction. The second justified reason given by Americans was that Iraqi had a great link to the terrorists groups, who had attacked US in 2001 (Chambers, 2004). The second condition was that the right authority must make the decision about going on the war. Some of the scholars believe that US action to invade Iraq were legitimate and right. According to American constitution, The President of the country has the right to use the military actions against other nations. The third condition was that people going for the war must have the correct intentions. The justified intention of the war must be to do the right and to bring peace. The public speeches of the President Bush had claimed that the major justified reason of Iraqi invasion is to reduce the terrorist actions. However, there is still a question about the morality of the actions and intentions. Getting rid of Saddam Hussein and destruction of the weapons were not the only intentions of US. Some of the scholars claim that the true intentions of America for invading Iraq were to acquire the oil supply of Iraq (Chambers, 2004). Novak (2003) has stated that the fundamental motive seems to be the geopolitical position that Iraq holds in the Middle East [as one of] the three major oil and natural gas producing states (Iraq, Iran and Saudi Arabia). US claimed that their main intention was to restore peace, by eradicating terrorism, but US also had the desire of national self interest and thus right intentions are not justified (Anti?, 2009). The fourth condition of just war is that war should be considered as the last resort. However, it has been found that war was not considered as the last resort y US. American Government could have tried the non violent ways. Taking away the consent of the general public can collapse the regime. If the Iraqi people had been encouraged to take part in non-violent actions against terrorism, the war could have been avoided (Chambers, 2004). Thus, the morality could not be justified by these intentions of US. Iraq war had not been associated with any kind of moral actions and self interest was the main agenda. The fifth condition of just war theory proposes that the goal or the aim of the war must emergent peace. It can be accepted that US motive was to establish peace, by reducing terrorism, dismantaling the supply of weapons and saving the lives of millions of people all over the world (Gordon, 2003). However, this act can be questioned under morality and ethics, because upheaval of Sad dam Hussein has not been able to reduce terrorism. Although, the revenge killing, new tyranny and anrchy has been increased. The stability and peace could not be achieved till date. Many innocent people had lost their lives and many have to be displaced from their land (Iraq Family Health Survey Study Group, 2008). Conclusion Iraq War and US invasion in 2003 has raised many questions about the morality and ethics. The war occurred due to the American intentions to kill Saddam Hussein and to lessen the terrorist activities all over the world. The war could not be considered as moral. The paper used the just war theory to determine the morality of Iraq war. According to this analysis there was no morality in the Iraq War, because the war seems to be derived from personal interest and intentions of America. America could not completely justify the correct reasons for war, which could have been avoided. The sixth condition of the just war theory states about the proportionate war. The destruction and evils of the war must not overshadow the achieved goods (Murray, Scales, 2003). The Iraq war can be seen as just as it resulted in the destruction of Saddam Hussein and weapon mass destruction. The war ended a cruel and tyrant dictator, who had killed thousands of innocent people. His removal from the Iraq was done to ensure that such atrocities must not occur in future (Burnham et al, 2006). However, the war resulted in humanitarian trouble for thousands of innocent Iraqi people, many of the people lost their loved ones, their homes were destroyed and prisoners faced extensive torture. Thus, the Iraq war could not be considered as morally and ethically justified, nor it could be considered as proportionate. References Anti?, M. (2009). Iraq War (2003-): Was It Morally Justified?.Politi?ka misao,46(1), 88-113. Burnham, G., Lafta, R., Doocy, S., Roberts, L. (2006). Mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: a cross-sectional cluster sample survey.The Lancet,368(9545), 1421-1428. Chambers, R. (2004). Just War theory and the US-led War on Iraq from 2003. University of Wollongong, 1-18. Elshtain, J. B. (1992).Just war theory. NYU Press. Gordon, D. (2003). The Cost, Consequences and Morality of War in Iraq1.Age,18(24), 16. Gordon, D. (2003). Iraq, War and Morality.Economic and Political Weekly, 1117-1120. Iraq Family Health Survey Study Group. (2008). Violence-related mortality in Iraq from 2002 to N Engl J Med,2008(358), 484-493. Murray, W., Scales, R. H. (2003).The Iraq War. Harvard University Press. 43 Novak, Michael. (2004). Asymmetrical Warfare Just War. Retrieved from: https://www.nationalreview.com/article/205864/asymmetrical-warfare-just-war-michael-novak Powers, G. F. (2003). An Ethical Analysis of War Against Iraq.Blueprint for Social Justice,56(7). Tapp, C., Burkle, F. M., Wilson, K., Takaro, T., Guyatt, G. H., Amad, H., Mills, E. J. (2008). Iraq War mortality estimates: a systematic review.Conflict and health,2(1), 1.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

The Uniform Commercial Code free essay sample

The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), first published in 1952, is one of a number of uniform acts that have been promulgated in conjunction with efforts to harmonize the law of sales and other commercial transactions in all 50 states within the United States of America. The goal of harmonizing state law is important because of the prevalence of commercial transactions that extend beyond one state. For example, goods may be manufactured in State A, warehoused in State B, sold from State C and delivered in State D. The UCC therefore achieved the goal of substantial uniformity in commercial laws and, at the same time, allowed the states the flexibility to meet local circumstances by modifying the UCCs text as enacted in each state. The UCC deals primarily with transactions involving personal property (movable property), not real property (immovable property) Firm offers (offers that cannot be revoked for a set time) are valid without consideration and irrevocable for time stated (or up to 3 months) and must be signed. We will write a custom essay sample on The Uniform Commercial Code or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Offer to buy goods for â€Å"prompt shipment† invites acceptance by either prompt shipment or a prompt promise to ship. Therefore, this offer is not strictly unilateral. However, this â€Å"acceptance by performance† does not even have to be by conforming goods. Consideration modifications without consideration may be acceptable in a contract for the sale of goods. Failure to state price—in a contract for the sale of goods, the failure to state a price will NOT prevent the formation of a contract if the parties’ original intent was to form a contract. A reasonable price will be determined by the court. Assignments a requirements contract can be assigned if the quantity required by the assignee is not unreasonably disproportionate to original quantity In 1980 the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (the CISG) was introduced to create international certainty and uniformity in the law and to govern issues that arise in an international sale of goods transaction. This paper focuses on the international sale of commodity type goods and the ability of the CISG to govern contracts for the sale of such commodities. Commodity type goods comprise a broad range of products including grains, wheat, oil, soybeans, rice, cotton and chemicals. Commodities are characterized as being substitutable goods that are produced in bulk quantities by a large number of producers. As will be illustrated, commodity markets have many unique characteristics that distinguish the international sales of commodities from the international sale of goods intended for commercial consumption. The natural flexibility of the CISG warrants it a suitable instrument of law to govern contracts for the international sale of commodities, particularly given the contractual freedom and precedence afforded to parties involved in a sale by Arts. 6 and 9. It is an appropriate tool for use in a commodity sales contract, especially when applied to a contract that incorporates internationally recognized trade terms or standard usages into the contract. Interestingly, although the CISG is an apt and fitting instrument of law to govern international commodity sales, it is generally excluded in standard form contracts that instead opt for English law in arbitration and as the proper law of the contract. At present the CISG does not hold the same measure of reported judgments and case law that the United Kingdom retains on commodity sales, but it is more and more frequently being referred to in arbitration cases and national decisions. The CISG is capable of being developed and extended to meet the requirements of international trade in a uniform manner that cannot be accomplished by a single domestic law. Generally, the CISG applies only to contracts for the sale of goods between parties whose relevant places of business are in different Contracting States or when the rules of private international law lead to the application of the law of a Contracting State. Nations adhering to the Convention may exclude the latter basis of applicability, so you will have to check for declarations and reservations. Under the Convention, the fact that the parties to the contract have their places of business in different States is to be disregarded whenever this fact does not appear either from the contract or from any dealings between, or from information disclosed by, the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract. Consequently, you should consider identifying the parties places of business in the contract in a way that makes evident the applicability or non-applicability of the Convention. The CISG is the product of a long process of development by legal and commercial experts. At this writing it has been adopted by 62 nations. When you are negotiating a sales contract choice of law clause, even if the Convention would not apply to your sales contract, it could be a suitable neutral ground between the law of your contract partners home and your domestic law. The ICC model contract incorporates the CISG with the intention that the Convention apply whether or not the countries of the seller and buyer have ratified it. Consider adopting the CISG as part of your contract, where it would not apply otherwise. You should be able to make the CISG part of your contract by using a choice of law clause. Domestic law will govern the validity of such a clause, but under usual conflicts of law rules, most often, choice of law clauses are enforceable. The laws of many nations differ as to whether contracts for the sales of goods must be in writing. Under the UCC, American law requires that contracts for the sales of goods of $500 or more be in writing. (Under proposed amendments to the UCC, the requirement would be increased to $5,000 and the requirement of a signed â€Å"writing† would be changed to signed â€Å"record. Writing requirements in common law countries date back to an act of the English Parliament in 1677. In 1954, however, the United Kingdom repealed its law. Under CISG Article 11, a contract for the international sale of goods â€Å"need not be concluded in or evidenced by writing and is not subject to any other requirement as to form. It may be proved by any means, includi ng witnesses. â€Å"This is in keeping with a basic concept found in the CISG: that the parties should have flexibility in contracting and as much freedom of contract as possible. The â€Å"Battle of the forms† under the UCC: In the United States the mirror image rule has been modified by statute to deal with modern business practices and to avoid the problems in the preceding examples. Under subsections 1 and 2 of the original UCC 2-207: 1. A written confirmation that is sent within a reasonable time operates as an acceptance even though it states terms additional to or different from those in the purchase order, unless the confirmation â€Å"is expressly made conditional on assent to the additional of different terms. † 2. If both parties are merchants, any additional terms contained in the seller’s confirmation automatically become a part of the contract unless: a. The buyer’s purchase order â€Å"expressly limits acceptance† to the terms in that order; b. The additional terms in the confirmation â€Å"materially alter† the terms of the order; or c. The buyer notifies the seller of an objection to the additional terms within a reasonable time after receiving the confirmation containing the new terms. A careful reading of UCC 2-207 shows that the UCC attempts to uphold the intentions of the parties by keeping the contract in existence where there are only minor differences between the forms used by the parties. The UCC states that, between merchants, an acceptance by a confirmation that contains additional terms that reflect only minor changes from the buyer’s order will be effective to produce a contract, and the minor terms become a part of it (unless the buyer notifies the seller of an objection to the new term). A minor term might be one that is in usual and customary usage in the trade. Adding a provision that calls for an interest penalty for late payment is an example of a minor term (only because such penalties are common in sales contracts). The battle of the forms under the CISG: The CISG rules fall somewhere between the rules set out by the common and civil law and the UCC. In an international sales transaction governed by the CISG, an acceptance containing new terms that do not materially alter the terms of the offer becomes a part of the contract, unless the offeror promptly objects to the change. However, a purported acceptance that contains additional or different terms that do materially alter the terms of the offer would constitute a rejection of the offer and a counteroffer. No contract would arise at all unless the offeror in return accepted all of the terms of the counteroffer. (Recall that under the UCC a contract would arise, albeit without the new terms). Continuing the previous example, no contract would be formed between DownPillow and Federhaus under the CISG, and Federhaus’s new material term would amount to no more than a counteroffer. Unlike the UCC, the CISG states those key elements of a contract that will materially alter a contract: price, payment, quality and quantity of goods, place and time of delivery, extent of one party’s liability to the other, and settlement of disputes. This list is so broad that almost any term could conceivably be interpreted as â€Å"material. † Thus, under the CISG, almost any new of different term in the acceptance could constitute a counteroffer. The effect is that many businesspeople may believe that they are â€Å"under contract† when they really are not. Consequently, those businesspeople negotiating an international contract must make certain that all material terms of the contract are understood and agreed upon by the parties.